英语中没有将来时态是一个简单的常识（多种语言中的将来时态）

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Future tense (disambiguation).

The future tense is used to describe events which have not happened yet -- such as a visit by aliens.

In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.

future tense n.[语法]将来时

英语语法中的“时态”是指用动词变化来表达“时间”上的变化。如：过去式表示“时间上的过去”而“现在式”表示“时间上不是过去”。

英语中专门用来表达“时间”概念的动词变化形式只有两个：现在式（present tense）和过去式(past tense)。

英语中的过去式强调时间上的过去。而现在式则用于表达“时间上的现在和将来以及不强调是过去的过去的行为的描述”。如果您曾经阅读英语文章就一定会发现，很多著名人物的传记中多数会用现在式描述那些已经去世的人物的行为，以示“他的影响依然还存在”。

英语中的future tense多数是用来描述其它语言中的“将来时态”——通过动词变化而来的专门表达“时间上的未来”的形式。在拉丁语等语言中是有这样的时态。

Sub+v1 + will/ shall+ obj An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love").

法语中，aimera是动词aimer的将来式：

aimer [ɛme][sɛme]v.t. 爱,热爱,爱戴;爱恋,钟爱;喜欢,喜爱,爱好;特别适宜于在...生长[指植物];~ mieux 宁愿,更喜欢je t'aime 我爱你

derive from v.得自, 由来, 衍生

 

English does not have a future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways of expressing futurity, particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall, and grammarians differ in whether they describe such constructions as representing a future tense in English.

再次提醒：英语中没有用来表达“时间上的将来”的动词变化形式。

而用“will+动词原形”的形式到底是否是表示“时间上的将来”，语言学家们依然争论不休。

他奶奶的，老外的语言专家自己都没有完全搞清楚的东西却拿过来折磨中国的中小学生。国内的英语教学多数是把中国的孩子放在超过国外英语专家的水平层次上，其结果可想而知。

 

The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration. Future tense can be denoted by the glossing abbreviation FUT.

Expressions

The nature of the future, necessarily uncertain and at varying distances ahead, means that the speaker may refer to future events with the modality either of probability (what the speaker expects to happen) or intent (what the speaker plans to make happen).^[1]

Whether future expression is realis or irrealis depends not so much on an objective ontological notion of future reality, but rather on the degree of the speaker's conviction that the event will in fact come about.^[2]:p.20

In many languages there is no grammatical (morphological or syntactic) indication of future tense.

Future meaning is supplied by the context, with the use of temporal adverbs such as "later", "next year", etc.

Such adverbs (in particular words meaning "tomorrow" and "then") sometimes develop into grammaticalized future tense markers. (A tense used to refer specifically to occurrences taking place on the following day is called a crastinal tense.)

In other languages, mostly of European origin, specific markers indicate futurity.

These structures constitute a future tense.

In many cases, an auxiliary verb is used, as in English, where futurity is often indicated by the modal auxiliary will (or shall).

modal auxiliary n. -ries 情态助动词

 

However, some languages combine such an auxiliary with the main verb to produce a simple (one-word, morphological) future tense.

 

This is the origin of the future tense in Western Romance languages like French and Italian (see below).

Romance languages 罗曼斯语, 由拉丁语演变而成的语言

动词有表示“将来”的形式是拉丁语的特征之一。英语和德语同属日尔曼，它们的动词没有表达“将来”的形式。

A given language may have more than one way to express futurity.

English, for example, often refers to future events using present tense forms or other structures such as the going-to future, besides the canonical form with will/shall.

国外的英语专家多数认识will是情态动词。也就是说，“will+动词”和“can +动词原形”、“may+动词原形”的形式是一样的。从语法上说，它们是“现在时态”，只是由于不是由一个动词构成，所以不能称为“一般现在时态”。

 

In addition, the verb forms used for the future tense can also be used to express other types of meaning; English again provides examples of this (see English modal verbs for the various meanings that both will and shall can have besides simply expressing futurity).

Expressions of relative tense

It is sometimes possible to mark the time of an occurrence as being in the past or future not relative to the present moment (the moment of speaking), but relative to a time of reference, which can itself be in the past or future (or in some hypothetical reality) relative to the present moment. (See relative tense.)

Thus an occurrence may be marked as taking place in the "past of the future", "future of the past", etc. (For the "past of the past", see pluperfect.)

The past of the future, marking an occurrence expected to take place before some future reference time, is typically marked by a future perfect form (in languages that have such a form), as in the English "I will have finished by tomorrow afternoon."

 

The "future of the past" may be expressed in various ways in English. It is possible to use would in its capacity as the past tense of the future marker will (see English modal verbs and future-in-the-past); for example: "The match started at midday but would not end until the evening."

 It is also possible to use the past tense of other expressions that express future reference, as in "I was going to wait"; "I was to wait"; "I was about to wait."

Such expressions can also be put into other tenses and moods (and non-finite forms), to achieve future reference in hypothetical and future situations, e.g., "I would be going to take part if ..."; "I will be about to leave."

More examples can be found in the section Expressions of relative future in the article on the going-to future.

友情提示：如果我们连简单的英语文章都读不懂，记忆（甚至是“背”）语法概念是没有意义的事情。除了浪费时间，对于您的英语学习基本上没有任何的帮助。读懂英语文章是英语入门的最低要求，在读懂英语文章的基础上再学习英语语法一定会事半功倍。

Germanic languages

In Germanic languages, including English, a common expression of the future is using the present tense, with the futurity expressed using words that imply future action (I go to Berlin tomorrow or I am going to Berlin tomorrow).

There is no simple (morphological) future tense as such.

as such adv.同样地, 同量地

您至少应该能读懂这句话以后再去学习英语时态。

 

However, the future can also be expressed by employing an auxiliary construction that combines certain present tense auxiliary verbs with the simple infinitive (stem) of the main verb.

auxiliary verb n. 助动词

英语中的“will+动词原形（不定式）”是一种变通的表示“将来”的形式。这极可能是模仿拉丁语的产物。现代英语中，绝大多数的英语专家都认识will是情态动词，就和can , may一样是“情态动词的现在式”。

These auxiliary forms vary between the languages.

Other, generally more informal, expressions of futurity use an auxiliary with the compound infinitive of the main verb (as with the English is going to ...).

 

English

English grammar provides a number of ways to indicate the future nature of an occurrence.

Some argue that English does not have a future tense—that is, a grammatical form that always indicates futurity—nor does it have a mandatory form for the expression of futurity.

英语中的动词没有专门表示“将来”的形式。

However, there are several generally accepted ways to indicate futurity in English, and some of them—particularly those that use will or shall—are frequently described as future tense.

The will/shall future consists of the modal verb will or shall together with the bare infinitive of the main verb, as in "He will win easily" or "I shall do it when time permits." (Prescriptive grammarians prefer will in the second and third persons and shall in the first person, reversing the forms to express obligation or determination, but in practice shall and will are generally used interchangeably,^[3] with will being more common. For details see shall and will.)

我以为，用will还是shall都是英语作家们要考虑的问题。我们作为学习者，特别是入门阶段的学习者，完全用不着在这些语法细节上花那么大的精力。特别是对于连简单的英语文章都读不懂的中小学生来说，我们根本用不着考虑“遣词造句”的事情。我们连读懂都做不到，还怎么一门心思想着当作家？

 

The meaning of this construction is close to that expressed by the future tense in other languages.

However the same construction with will or shall can have other meanings that do not indicate futurity, or else indicate some modality in addition to futurity (as in "He will make rude remarks," meaning he has a habit of doing so, or, "You shall act on my behalf," giving an order). For details of these meanings, see the sections on will and shall in the article on English modal verbs.

The form of the will/shall future described above is frequently called the simple future (or future simple).

这是一个简单的逻辑错误。所谓的“simple tense(一般时态)是指由一个动词构成的时态。如果我们坚持使用“一般将来进态”这个概念，极大的可能是让绝大多数的中国孩子感觉英语时态是一个大难题。

 

Other constructions provide additional auxiliaries that express particular aspects: the future progressive (or future continuous) as in "He will be working"; the future perfect as in "We will have finished"; and the future perfect progressive as in "I will have been practicing."

For detail on these, see the relevant sections of Uses of English verb forms. (For more on expressions of relative tense, such as the future perfect, see also the section above.)

Several other English constructions commonly refer to the future:

• Present tense forms, as in "The train leaves at 5," or, "My cousins arrive tomorrow."

我们可以把“My cousins arrive tomorrow.”称为“将来时态”吗？

 

Since these grammatical forms are used more canonically to refer to present situations, they are not generally described as future tense; in sentences like those just given they may be described as "present tense with future meaning".

Use of the present tense (rather than forms with will) is mandatory in some subordinate clauses referring to the future, such as "If I feel better next week, ..." and "As soon as they arrive, ...".

For more details see the sections on the simple present, present progressive and dependent clauses in the article on English verb forms.

• The going-to future, e.g., "John is going to leave tonight."
• The construction with a finite form of the copula verb be together with the to-infinitive, e.g., "John is to leave tonight". (With the zero copula of newspaper headline style, this becomes simply "John to leave tonight".) For details see am to.
• The construction with to be about to, e.g., "John is about to leave", referring to the expected immediate future. (A number of lexical expressions with similar meaning also exist, such as to be on the point of (doing something).)
• Use of modal verbs with future meaning, to combine the expression of future time with certain modality: "I must do this" (also mun in Northern English dialect); "We should help him"; "I can get out of here"; "We may win"; "You might succeed". The same modal verbs are also often used with present rather than future reference. For details of their meanings and usage, see English modal verbs.

Questions and negatives are formed from all of the above constructions in the regular manner: see Questions and Negation in the English grammar article. The auxiliaries will and shall form the contracted negations won't and shan't (they can also sometimes be contracted when not negated, to 'll).

The various ways of expressing the future carry different meanings, implying not just futurity but also aspect (the way an action or state takes place in time) and/or modality (the attitude of the speaker toward the action or state).^[2][4]

The precise interpretation must be based on the context.

离开文章讨论句子实际上是意义不大。

In particular there is sometimes a distinction in usage between the will/shall future and the going-to future (although in some contexts they are interchangeable). For more information see the going-to future article.

German（德语）

German uses only one auxiliary for the future: werden (which otherwise means "to become").

在德语中：

werden  v. become, turn into -, get; shall, will, verb used together with other verbs to indicate the future tense

===============

There is no compound infinitive in German, so the main verb after werden is a simple infinitive.

The infinitive main verb is placed at the end of the sentence or clause, however long it may be. For example:

• Ich werde dich morgen nach der Arbeit anrufen.

I will call you tomorrow after work.

Literally: I become you tomorrow after the work call.

 

A future perfect can be formed by means of replacing the simple infinitive with a past infinitive (auxiliary + past participle): Ich werde dich angerufen haben: "I will have called you."

However, the use of the present tense in future meaning is much more common in German than it is in English. Especially in colloquial German, but also in the written standard language, future tenses are quite rarely used if the future meaning is already evident through context or a temporal adverb or clause. For example:

• In zehn Jahren bin ich Millionär.

In ten years, I will be a millionaire.

Literally: In ten years am I millionaire.

Dutch（荷兰语）

Dutch can express the future in two ways:^[5]

• gaan + infinitive: Ik ga het boek lezen (I'm going to read the book). "Gaan" is a cognate of "to go".

het相当于英语中的the。

• zullen + infinitive: Ik zal het boek lezen (I will/shall read the book). "Zullen" is a cognate of "shall".

As in English they can be used together: Wij zullen de boeken gaan lezen (We will/shall go and read the books); literally: (We shall the books go read).

Zullen + infinitive is more similar to 'shall' than to 'will'. It is used to:^[6]

• express a promise or a proposal
• emphasize that something will certainly happen
• express that an event is likely going to take place (by explicitly mentioning the probability)

English 'will' and Dutch wil, although cognates, have over the centuries shifted in meaning, such that 'will' is almost identical to 'shall', whereas Dutch wil means 'want', as in Ik wil het doen (I want to do it).

Gaan + infinitive can be compared with the English "going to" . It is used to:

• to express an intended action (but not a promise, proposal, or solemn plan);
• to say that an event is going to take place (without emphasizing the certainty or mentioning the probability).