轻松阅读、玩单词：英语名词后缀-ism的来历

-ism：Ultimately from either Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismos), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine; from stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-izein) (whence English -ize), or from the related suffix Ancient Greek -ισμα (-isma), which more specifically expressed a finished act or thing done.

abstract noun n.抽象名词

-ism源自希腊语的名词后缀-ισμός (-ismos)或-ισμα (-isma)。

either or 不是...就是..., ...或...

-ισμός (-ismos)源自希腊语动词后缀-ίζειν (-izein) ，英语中的动词后缀-ize(ise)源于此。

Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (mostly via Latin and French), such as baptism from βαπτισμός (loaned from Old French ca. 1300), or Judaism from Ἰουδαισμός (a learned English formation based on Latin, coined ca. 1500).

英语中有些带有-ism后缀的单词是经由拉丁语或法语再进入英语的。

=========== baptism ==============

baptism[5bAptizEm]n.浸洗, [喻]洗礼, 严峻考验（bapt+ism）

βαπτισμός

From Old French batesme or bapteme, from Ecclesiastical Latin baptisma, from Ancient Greek βαπτισμός (baptismós, “dipping, baptism”), from βαπτίζω (baptízō, “I dip in liquid”).

baptize[bAp5taIz]vt.给人施洗礼(作为入基督教的标志), 洗炼, 命名(作为洗礼仪式的一部分)(bapt+ize)

-ize,-ise动词后缀，

From Old French baptiser, batisier, from Ecclesiastical Latin baptizare, from Ancient Greek βαπτίζω (“to immerse, plunge, baptize”).

=======================

In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century.

Medieval Latin 中古拉丁文（约为公元700年至公元1500年间所使用的拉丁语）

From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism).

Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism).

Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested by Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid 18th century.

The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is a "draft addition" submitted to OED in 2004, based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

Pronunciation

• IPA: /ɪzəm/ X-SAMPA: /Iz@m/

Suffix

-ism

1.     forming nouns on action or process or result based on the accompanying verb in -ize

baptism (1300)

aphorism (1528)

criticism (1607)

magnetism (1616)

2.     forming the name of a system, school of thought or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder ((when de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism):).

Lutheranism (1560)

Calvinism (1570)

Protestantism (1606)

Congregationalism (1716)

Mohammedanism (1815)

Palamism (1949)

3.     a tendency of behaviour, action or opinion belonging to a class or group of persons; the result of a doctrine, ideology, principle, or lack thereof

atheism (1587)

ruffianism (1589)

giantism (1639)

fanaticism (1652)

theism (1678)

religionism (1706)

patriotism (1716)

heroism (1717)

despotism (1728)

old-maidism (1776)

capitalism (1792)

nationism (1798)

romanticism (1803)

conservatism (1832)

sexualism (1842)

externalism (1856)

opportunism (1870)

blackguardism (1875)

jingoism (1878)

feminism (1895)

dwarfism (1895)

4.     a peculiarity or characteristic of language

Atticism (1612)

Gallicism (1656)

archaism (1709)

Americanism (1781)

colloquialism (1834)

newspaperism (1838)

Shakespearianism (1886)

5.     an ideology expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word ((based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the "terms for a doctrine" sense):)

racism (1932)

sexism (1936)

speciesism (1975)

heterosexism (1979)

ableism (1981)

6.     (medicine) A condition or syndrome caused by or associated with a specific type of organism

crotalism

daturism

latrodectism

loxoscelism

Derived terms

[+] English words suffixed with -ism

• ism
• -icism

Related terms

• -ist
• -istic

Translations

[show ▼]a principle, belief or movement

Select targeted languages

Arabic: ـية (ar) (-íyya) Armenian: -իզմ (hy) (-izm) Belarusian: -ізм (be) (-ízm) m, -ызм (be) (-ýzm) m Bulgarian: -изъм (bg) (-ízǎm) m Catalan: -isme (ca) m Chinese: Mandarin: -主義 (cmn), -主义 (cmn) (-zhǔyì) Czech: -ismus (cs) m Danish: -isme (da) c Dutch: -isme (nl) n Esperanto: -o (eo), -ismo (eo) Estonian: -ism (et) Faroese: -isma (fo) f Finnish: -ismi (fi) French: -isme (fr) m Galician: -ismo (gl) Georgian: -იზმი (ka) (-izmi) German: -ismus (de) m Greek: -ισμός (el) (-ismós) m Hindi: -वाद (hi) (-vād) m Hungarian: -izmus (hu) Indonesian: -isme (id) Italian: -ismo (it) m		Japanese: -主義 (ja) (-しゅぎ, -shugi), (loanwords, vowel "i" can be merged into kana of the previous consonant) -イズム (ja) (-izumu) Khmer: និយម (km) (ni'yum), លទ្ធិ- (km) (lattʰi') Korean: -주의 (ko) (-juui), -主義 (ko) Latvian: -isms (lv) m Lithuanian: -izmas (lt) m Macedonian: -изм (mk) (-ízm) m Malay: -isme (ms) Polish: -yzm (pl) m, -izm (pl) m Portuguese: -ismo (pt) m Romanian: -ism (ro) n Russian: -изм (ru) (-ízm) m Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: -изам (sh) m Roman: -izam (sh) m Slovak: -izmus (sk) m Slovene: -izem (sl) m Spanish: -ismo (es) m Swedish: -ism (sv) c Thai: ลัทธิ- (th) (láttí-) Ukrainian: -ізм (uk) (-ízm) m, -изм (uk) (-ýzm) m Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa ... (vi) (主義... (vi))
		窗体顶端 Add translation : More masc. fem. neuter common gender plural Noun class: Plural class: Transliteration: (e.g. ázbuka for азбука) Page name: (e.g. amo for amō) Qualifier: (e.g. literally, formally, slang) Script template: (e.g. Cyrl for Cyrillic, Latn for Latin) Nesting: (e.g. Norwegian/Nynorsk) 窗体底端

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

[show ▼]Translations to be checked

Select targeted languages

Alemannic German: -ismus m Asturian: -ismu m Corsican: -ismu? Hebrew: יזם- m Icelandic: -ismi m Interlingua: -ismo Interlingue: -isme Korean: -이수무 (-isumu) Latin: -ismus m

Low German: -ismus m Luxembourgish: -ismus m Norwegian: -isme Sardinian: -ismu m Sicilian: -isma f, -ismu m Slovene: -izem m Sundanese: -isme

References

• Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "-ism, suffix".

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from literary Latin -ismus, French -isme, ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismos).

Suffix

-ism n

1.     ism (indicates a belief or principle)

creștinism - Christianity

anarchism - anarchism

Declension

[show ▼]    declension of -ism

Related terms

• -ist