练英语、学德语：Separable verb（可分动词）

 

Separable verb

separable verb 可分动词(如 give up, take over)

separable[5sepErEbl]adj.可分离的, 可分的（se+par+able）

separate[5sepEreit]adj.分开的, 分离的, 个别的, 单独的v.分开, 隔离, 分散, 分别

se-表“离开”，是sect的变化，请复习section, insect（昆虫）

par源自parāe [准备]

-ate动词后缀

 

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A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a lexical core and a separable particle.

be composed of 由...组成

 

In some sentence positions, the core verb and the particle appear in one word, whilst in others the core verb and the particle are separated.

The particle cannot be accurately referred to as a prefix because it can be separated from the core verb.

 

German, Dutch, and Hungarian are notable for having many separable verbs.

Separable verbs challenge theories of sentence structure because when they are separated, it is not evident how the compositionality of meaning should be understood.

evident[5evidEnt]adj.明显的, 显然的（e+vid+ent）

Examples

The German verb ankommen is a separable verb, and is used here as the first illustration:

a.	Sie	kommt	sofort	an.
	she	comes	immediately	at	- 'She is arriving immediately.'
b.	Sie	kam	sofort	an.
	she	came	immediately	at	- 'She arrived immediately.'
c.	Sie	wird	sofort	ankommen.
	she	will	immediately	at.come	- 'She will arrive immediately.'
d.	Sie	ist	sofort	angekommen.
	she	is	immediately	at.come	- 'She arrived immediately.'

The first two examples, sentences a and b, contain the "simple" tenses.

simple tense一般时态(简单时态)

In matrix declarative clauses that lack auxiliary verbs, the verb and its particle (both in bold) are separated, the verb appearing in V2 position and the particle appearing in clause-final position.

matrix[5meitriks]n.(pl. matrixes, -trices [5meitrisi:z] ①(生物形成生长的)母体, 母体组织;【解】子宫 ②发源地, 策源地 ③【生】细胞间质, 基质 ④【矿】母岩, 杂矿石, 基岩;【地质】脉石, 填质; (岩石中化石等的)痕印 ⑤【冶】(合金的)基体 ⑥【刷】纸型, 字模 ⑦唱片模子 ⑧【数】阵, 矩阵, 真值表, 母式;【无】矩阵变换电路; 【语】主句、独立句

matri-是mater（相当于英语中的mother）的变化，请复习alma mater：

alma mater n. 母校

 

The second two examples, sentences c and d, contain the so-called "complex tenses"; they show that when an auxiliary verb appears, the separable verb is not separated, but rather the stem verb and particle appear together as a single word.

当用到助动词时，就是所谓的“Complex Tense”——复合时态（复杂时态）。

大家在英语中经常遇到所谓的“将来时态”就是由“助动词+动词原形（去to不定式）”构成”。所以说，并不存在什么“一般将来时态”。

英语中的助动词只有“现在式”和“过去式”。所有的英语动词都没有什么“将来式”。

实际上，日尔曼语并没有严格意思上的“将来时态”。所谓的“将来时态”是通过变通方式实现的。英语属于日尔曼语系，自然也不例外。

 

The following two examples are from Dutch:

Dutch[5dQtF]n.荷兰人, 荷兰语

a.	Ik	kom	morgen	aan.
	I	come	tomorrow	at	- 'I am arriving tomorrow.'
b.	Hij	is	aangekomen.
	he	is	arrived		- 'He has arrived.'

The Dutch verb aankomen is separable, as illustrated in the first sentence with the simple present tense, whereas when an auxiliary verb appears (here is) as in the second sentence with present perfect tense/aspect, the lexical verb and its particle appear together as a single word.

The following examples are from Hungarian.

a.	Leteszem	a	telefon.
	up.I.hang	the	phone			- 'I hang up the phone.'
b.	Nem	teszem	le	a	telefon.
	not	I.hang	up	the	phone	- 'I do not hang up the phone.'

The verb letesz is separated in the negative sentence.

 

Affixes in Hungarian are also separated from the verb in imperative and prohibitive moods.

prohibitive mood 禁止语气

Moreover, word order influences the strength of prohibition, as the following examples show:

c.	Ne	tedd	le	a	telefon.
	not	hang	up	the	phone		- 'Don't hang up the phone.'
d.	Le	ne	tedd	a	telefon.
	up	not	hang	the	phone		- 'Don't you hang up the phone!' (stronger prohibition)

Analogy to English

analogy[E5nAlEdVi]n.类似, 类推

analogous[E5nAlE^Es]adj.类似的, 相似的, 可比拟的（ana+log+ous）

ana-[`AnE][前缀]表示“向上, 向后,再,重新”之义

源自希腊语ana [上]

English has many phrasal or compound verb forms that are somewhat analogous to separable verbs.

However, in English the preposition or verbal particle is either an invariable prefix (e.g. understand) or is always a separate word (e.g. give up), without the possibility of grammatically conditioned alternations between the two.

either or 不是...就是..., ...或...

 

An adverbial particle can be separated from the verb by intervening words (e.g. up in the phrasal verb screw up appears after the direct object, things, in the sentence He is always screwing things up).

Although the verbs themselves never alternate between prefix and separate word, the alternation is occasionally seen across derived words (e.g. something that is outstanding stands out).

Structural analysis

Separable verbs challenge the understanding of meaning compositionality because when they are separated, the two parts do not form a constituent.

Hence theories of syntax that assume that form-meaning correspondences should be understood in terms of syntactic constituents are faced with a difficulty, for it is not apparent what sort of syntactic unit the verb and its particle build. One prominent means of addressing this difficulty is via movement.

One stipulates that languages like German and Dutch are actually SOV languages (as opposed to SVO) and that when separation occurs, the lexical verb has moved out of the clause final position to a derived position further to the left, e.g.

The verb kommt is seen as originating in a position where it appeared with its particle an, but it then moves leftward to the V2 position.

An alternative analysis of the structure of separable verbs dispenses with the notion that the constituent is the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis.

Instead, the catena is taken to be primary.

The following dependency grammar trees illustrate the catena-based analysis:

The verb and particle (in green) form a catena when they are separated in the first two trees, and they also form a catena when they appear together as a single word in the second two trees (since a single word is always a catena).

 

这个句子由45个单词构成，分解一下却十分简单：

The verb and particle (in green) form a catena

when they are separated in the first two trees,

and

they also form a catena

when they appear together as a single word in the second two trees

(since a single word is always a catena).

==========================================

The principle of compositionality is hence understood in terms of catenae.

in terms of 根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面

 

The catena is the basic meaning-bearing unit, not the constituent(句子成分).

The four Hungarian examples from above are analyzed in terms of catenae as follows:

The particle le is separated from its verb when the negation appears (trees b-d).

Despite this fact, the particle still forms a catena with its verb in all four trees.

These structures are therefore consistent with the catena-based understanding of meaning compositionality.

The fundamental meaning bearing unit is the catena, not the constituent.

catena[kE5ti:nE]n.(pl. catenae [-ni:]) [拉]连锁, 链条, 耦合，彼此相连结的一串东西

拉丁语 catēa [链条]