http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Mencius.jpg(孟子)" />

Mencius (Chinese: 孟子; pinyin: Mèng Zǐ; Wade–Giles: Meng Tzu; Zhuyin Fuhao: ㄇㄥˋ ㄗˇ; most accepted dates: 372 – 289 BCE; other possible dates: 385 – 303/302 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.^[5]

 

Mencius[menFiEs]n.孟子(中国战国时代哲学家, 政治家, 教育家, 约公元前372-公元前289)

请复习一下Confucius：

Confucius[kEn5fju:FiEs]n.孔夫子(公元前551--479年,中国春秋末期思想家、政治家、教育家,儒家的创始者)

Confuci是“孔夫子”在中国古代的大概发音，请参考《孔夫子（Confucius）告诉您：千万不要强迫孩子背单词》。

Mencius和Confucius后面的部分是一样的。相信您复习一下men(man的复数)就可以轻松掌握Mencius。

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/Mencius_(book)_cover.jpg(孟子)" />

=============《孟子》============

《孟子》为记述孟子思想的著作。此书的来历有各种不同的说法，司马迁等人认为是孟子自著^[1]，其弟子万章、公孙丑等人参与；赵岐、朱熹、焦循等人认为是孟子自著；韩愈、苏辙、晁公武等人认为是其弟子万章、公孙丑等人追记，但目前学术界较采用司马迁等人的说法。完成于战国中后期。该书详实地记载了孟子的思想、言论和事迹。注本主要有东汉赵岐《孟子章句》、南宋朱熹《孟子集注》、清焦循的《孟子正义》等。

《孟子》一书为语录体，以答问方式展开，主要论证方法为驳论。其学说出发点为性善论，提出“仁政”、“王道”，主张德治。

据《史记》记载，《孟子》一书共七篇，分别为〈梁惠王〉、〈公孙丑〉、〈滕文公〉、〈离娄〉、〈万章〉、〈告子〉、〈尽心〉，篇名取自各章开头的几个字，没有特别的含意。东汉赵岐在《孟子章句》中，又将每一篇分为上下两卷，全书共七篇十四卷。

孟子的注疏有赵岐《孟子章句》、程孟《孟子章句》、郑玄《孟子注》、高诱《孟子章句》、刘熙《孟子注》、扬雄《注孟子》、王充《刺孟》、綦母邃《孟子注》、陆善经《孟子注》、张镒《孟子音义》、丁公《孟子手音》、刘轲《翼孟》、林慎思《续孟子》等。

《孟子》一书的地位一开始并没有很高，《汉书·艺文志》仅仅把《孟子》放在诸子略中，视为子书。汉文帝把《论语》、《孝经》、《孟子》、《尔雅》各置博士，叫作“传记博士”。

到五代十国后蜀时，后蜀主孟昶命令人楷书十一经刻石，尽依太和旧本，历时八年才刻成。其中包括了《孟子》，这可能是《孟子》列入经书之始。

后来宋太宗又翻刻了这十一经。到南宋孝宗时，朱熹将《孟子》与《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》合在一起称“四书”，以孟子为孔子道统传人，并成为“十三经”之一，《孟子》的地位才被推到了高峰。在明清时四书被列为公家科举取士的教科书，《孟子》也成了读书人必读之书。

The Mencius (Chinese: 孟子; Mandarin Pinyin: Mengzi; Jyutping: maang⁶ zi²), commonly called the Mengzi, is a collection of anecdotes and conversations of the Confucian thinker and philosopher Mencius.

anecdote[5AnikdEut]n.轶事, 逸话, 奇闻; 短而有趣的故事;[pl.]秘史

an- [未]

ecdote源自ekdota ，ekdotos的中性复数 [已出版的]（源自 ekdidonai [出版]  ek- [出]）

 

The work dates from the second half of the 4th century BC.^[1]

It was ranked as a Confucian classic and its status was elevated in Song Dynasty.

elevate[5eliveit]vt.举起, 提拔, 振奋, 提升...的职位（e+lev+ate）

e-=ex-

lev源自拉丁语levāe [提高]

-ate动词后缀

例句：

Reading good books elevate one's mind.

阅读好书可提高人的心灵修养。

 

联想记忆：

elevator[5eliveitE]n.电梯, 升降机（e+lev+at(e)+or）

 

Zhu Xi, the scholar generally credited with the founding of Neo-Confucianism, included the Mengzi as one of the Four Books, and it became one of the canonical texts of Neo-Confucianism.

 

Throughout Chinese history there have been several different theories regarding the authorship of the Mengzi.

regarding[ri5^B:diN]prep.关于

regard[ri5^B:d]n.关心, 注意, 尊敬, 尊重, 致意, 问候, 关系vt.看待, 当作, 重视, 尊敬, 关系(re+gard)

 

The famed Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian believed that Mencius himself wrote the book with the participation of his students Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou.

Zhu Xi, Zhao Qi, and Qing Dynasty Confucian scholar Jiao Xun believed that Mencius wrote the book himself without any participation from other scholars.

Tang Dynasty writers Han Yu and Su Shi, as well as 12th century scholar Chao Gongwu, believed that Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou wrote the book after Mencius' death from their own records and memories.

Like all Chinese classics, the Mengzi has been annotated many times throughout history, but those of Zhao Qi, Zhu Xi, and Jiao Xun are considered the most authoritative.

annotate[5AnEuteit]v.注释, 评注

an-=ad- [前缀，表示“添加”]

not源自notāe [写] ，源自 nota [注释，笔记]

请复习note, notice。

 

The Mengzi did not initially enjoy a preeminent position among the great works of Classical Chinese.

preeminent[pri(:)5eminEnt]adj.优秀的, 杰出的, 卓越的; 显著的（pre+eminent）

eminent[5eminEnt]adj.显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的, 优良的(e+min+ent)

e-=ex-

min源自-minēe [伸出]

-ent形容词后缀

In the Book of Han's list of notable books and classics, the Mengzi is listed only among the miscellaneous minor works.

miscellaneous work 杂文集, 综合性著作

miscellaneous[misi5leinjEs, -niEs]adj.各色各样混在一起, 混杂的, 多才多艺的（miscell+ane+ous）

源自 miscellus [混合的]

联想记忆：

spontaneous[spCn5teinjEs, -niEs]adj.自发的, 自然产生的（spont+ane+ous）

simultaneous[7simEl5teinjEs]adj.同时的, 同时发生的(simul+t+ane+ous)

simul拉丁语 simul [与此同时]

instantaneous[7instEn5teinjEs]adj.瞬间的, 即刻的, 即时的(instant+ane+ous)

instant[5instEnt]adj.立即的, 直接的, 紧迫的, 刻不容缓的, (食品)速溶的, 方便的, 即时的(in+st+ant)

读一读、比一比：miscellaneous — spontaneous — simultaneous——instantaneous

 

Emperor Wen of Han officially listed the Mengzi, along with the Analects, the Classic of Filial Piety, and the Erya, among the "Teachings and Records of Master Scholars", giving it Imperial approval.

approval[E5pru:vEl]n.赞成, 承认, 正式批准(ap+prov+al)

approve[E5pru:v]vi.赞成, 满意vt.批准, 通过(ap+prove)

ap-=ad-，用在p前的变化。

联想记忆：

improve[im5pru:v]v.改善, 改进（im+prove）

im-=in-，用在p前的变化

 

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Emperor Meng Chang of Later Shu included the Mengzi in his project of engraving Chinese classics upon stone stele, which likely marks its earliest entrance into the category of true Chinese classics.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period五代十国

engrave[in5^reiv]v.雕刻, (线条, 文字, 图案)于一硬面上, 深印于(心上), 使铭记, 铭刻（en+grave）

法语engraver使+graver刻

During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song, Zhu Xi declared the official addition of "The Four Books" (Chinese: 四書) — the Mengzi, the Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean as Chinese classics all students should learn.

 

By the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, the Mengzi was part of the material tested on the Imperial examinations.