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轻松阅读、玩单词：中国古代哲学

Philosophy has had a tremendous effect on Chinese civilization, and throughout East Asia.

tremendous[tri5mendEs]adj.极大的, 巨大的（tremend+ous）

源自拉丁语 tremendus，tremere的动形词 [颤抖]

-ous形容词后缀

联想记忆：

tremble[5trembl]n.战栗, 颤抖vi.战栗, 发抖, 震动, (树叶等)摇晃.摇动, 焦虑

effect on 对...有影响

throughout[Wru(:)5aut]prep.遍及, 贯穿adv.到处, 始终, 全部(through+out)

through[Wru:]prep.穿过, 通过

rough[rQf]adj.粗糙的

 

The majority of Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States era, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",^[23] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments.^[23]

the Spring and Autumn and Warring States era春秋战国时期

be characterized by ...的特点在于,...的特点是

===========诸子百家===============

The Hundred Schools of Thought (simplified Chinese: 诸子百家; traditional Chinese: 諸子百家; pinyin: zhūzǐ bǎijiā; Wade–Giles: chu-tzu pai-chia; literally "all philosophers hundred schools") were philosophers and schools that flourished from 770 to 221 BC during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period (春秋戰國時代/春秋战国时代), an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China.^[1]

flourish[5flQriF]vi.繁荣, 茂盛, 活跃, 手舞足蹈, 兴旺, 处于旺盛时期vt.挥动, 夸耀n.茂盛, 兴旺, 华饰, 繁荣（flour+ish）

-ish多数是动词后缀，请复习finish, establish。

flour, flor源自拉丁语，表“花”，相当于英语中的flower。

在英语中flour表“面粉”：

flour[5flauE]n.面粉; 谷粉; 粉末，粉状物质，岩粉, 矿物粉，细小纤维

联想记忆：

Florence[5flC:rEns]n.佛罗伦萨(意大利都市名)（flor+ence）

-ence名词后缀，请复习science, experience, presence, absence。

 

Even though this period was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.

even though adv.即使

Golden Age n.黄金时代，鼎盛时期

 

This phenomenon has been called the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought (百家爭鳴/百家争鸣; bǎijiā zhēngmíng; pai-chia cheng-ming; "hundred schools contend").

contention[kEn5tenFEn]n.争夺, 争论, 争辩, 论点（con+tent+ion）

源自拉丁语contentus，contendee的过去分词 [争论]

contender[kEn5tendE(r)]斗争者,竞争者（con+tend+er）

The thoughts and ideas discussed and refined during this period have profoundly influenced lifestyles and social consciousness up to the present day in East Asian countries.

up to 一直到,等于

consciousness[5kCnFEsnis]n.意识, 知觉, 自觉, 觉悟, 个人思想(con+sci+ous+ness)

-ness名词后缀

conscious[5kCnFEs]adj.有意识的, 有知觉的, 故意的, 羞怯的（con+sci+ous）

-ous形容词后缀

我们要重点记忆的只是词根sci，其它的部分您只要大概地了解一下就可以了。如果您已经熟悉science，相信您一定已经知道sci的意思。

读一读、比一比：conscious — conscience

 

The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy.

itinerant[i5tinErEnt]adj.巡回的, 流动的

itinerary[ai5tinErEri, i5t-]n.路线(itiner+ary

itiner-源自拉丁语 iter [旅行]

 

This period ended with the rise of the Qin Dynasty and the subsequent purge of dissent.

subsequent[5sQbsikwEnt]adj.后来的, 并发的(sub+sequ+ent)

subsequence[5sQbsikwEns]n.后继, 随后(sub+sequ+ence)

sequ源自拉丁语sequī[跟随]

 

It was during this era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

Confucianism[kEn5fju:FEnIzm]n.孔教, 儒教（Confucian+ism）

Confucian[kEn5fju:F(E)n]n.儒家学者adj.孔子的, 儒家的

Confucius[kEn5fju:FiEs]n.孔子(公元前551--479年,中国春秋末期思想家、政治家、教育家,儒家的创始者)

Confuci实际上是汉语“孔夫子”在古时代的读音：

Con（孔）fu（夫）ci（子）

这里的“子”读[F]，和日语中的“し”读音近似。这是从中国唐代时引进的汉字“子”的读音。日语中的“帽子”读“ほうし”。

 

legalism[5li:^ElizEm]n.墨守法规, 条文主义; 文牍主义【宗】信奉律法(与信奉福音相对); [Legalism ](中国古代的)法家学说, 法家思想（legal+ism）

legal[5li:^El]adj.法律的, 法定的, 合法(leg+al)

-al形容词后缀

leg源自拉丁语源自 lēx [法律]。拉丁语中的rex表“国王”。

leg在英语中本身也是一个单词：

leg[le^]n.腿

 

obscurity[Eb5skjuEriti]n.阴暗, 朦胧, 偏僻, 含糊, 隐匿, 晦涩, 身份低微,无名的人[地方]; 低微的人[处境](ob+scur+ity)

security[si5kjuEriti]n.安全(se+cur+ity)

Of the many philosophical schools of China, only Confucianism and Taoism existed after the Qin Dynasty suppressed any Chinese philosophy that was opposed to Legalism.

suppress[sE5pres]vt.镇压, 抑制, 查禁, 使止住(sup+press)

sup-=sub- [前缀，表“附属”]，请复习suppose, support。

oppose to 反对

 

Confucianism is humanistic,^[24] philosophy that believes that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation.

humanistic[9hjU:mE`nIstIk]adj.人文主义的（humanist+ic）

-ic形容词后缀

humanist[`hjU:mEnIst]n.人道主义者, 人文主义者（human+ist）

human[5hju:mEn]n.人, 人类adj.人的, 人类的, 人性的, 有同情心的(hum+an)

hum表“土”或“潮湿”，古时认为“人是泥土做的”。

联想记忆：

humid[5hju:mid]adj.充满潮湿的, 湿润的, 多湿气的（hum+id）

   

 

Confucianism focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics, the most basic of which are ren, yi, and li.^[25]

focus on 集中

ren仁，yi义，li礼

 

Ren is an obligation of altruism and humaneness for other individuals within a community, yi is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good, and li is a system of norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act within a community.^[25]

altruism[5AltruizEm]n.利他主义, 利他（altr+u+ism）

可能源自 意大利语 altrui [别人]

altr源自拉丁语alter [其它的](后缀-er去掉e，和liber进入library中一样)。

Taoism focuses on establishing harmony with the Tao, which is origin of and the totality of everything that exists.

 

The word "Tao" (or "Dao", depending on the romanization scheme) is usually translated as "way", "path" or "principle".

Tao[5tB:Eu, tau]n.(道家学说中的)道

请参考《“道”的种种英语翻译（附：【视频】Alan Watts - Lao Tzus Tao Te Ching（道德经））》。

 

Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos (天人相应); health and longevity; and wu wei, action through inaction.

 

Harmony with the Universe, or the origin of it through the Tao, is the intended result of many Taoist rules and practices.