第三章 形容词、副词比较级和最高级

Comparative degree & Superlative degree:

 

比较级构成方式：

 

A．adj / adv + er / est

poor→poorer→poorest            fast→faster→fastest

B．词尾e + r / st

large→larger→largest             fine→finer→finest

C．重读闭音节中短元音 + 辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾 + er / est.

big→bigger→biggest              hot→hotter→hottest

D．辅音 + y→i + er / est

dry→drier→driest                angry→angrier→angriest

E．多音节形容词及副词：

more + adj / adv         most + adj / adv

F．不规则变化：

good / well→better→best           bad / ill→worse→worst

many / much→more→most         little→less→least

late→later→ / latest

late→latter→last

far→farther→farthest

far→further→furthest

 

【用法示例】

比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：

（1） ►. He looks stronger than I(do).

►. The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing.

►. My Schoolbag is larger than hers.

►. The book is much more interesting than that one.

笔记要点：两个相比较的主语必须相对应。

（2） ►. It is getting colder and colder.

►. She is becoming more and more beautiful

.       笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由 and连在一起，表示“越来越……”

（3） ►. The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be.

►. The earlier we start, the sooner we'll get there.

笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越……越……”

（4） ►. I prefer the cheaper one of the two books.

►. Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer.

笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the cleverest.

 

最高级构成方式：

 

三者或三者以上进行比较，“the + 形容词/ 副词est”。

(1) John is the tallest of the three.

He runs fastest in our class.（副词的最高级the可省略）

This is the most difficult book I've read.

(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级）

She is younger than all the other students.

测试精编

1. She is ________ than ________ .

A. busier / us      B. busier / we      C. more busy / us      D. more busy / we

2. Jane is ________ than Betty.

A. less taller       B. less tallest      C. less tall      D. not as tall

3. John's record was not so good as ________ in his team.

A. all the players                  B.any player's

C. other players                   D. any other player's

4. China is ________ country in the world.

A. the third largest      B. the largest third      C. the third large      D. a third largest

5. Shanghai has a larger population than ________ in china.

A. any city      B. all the cities      C. any other city      D. all other cities

 

用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：

1. The window is ________ (narrow) of the two.

2. Where is the ________ (near) bus-stop?

3. He is one of ________ (famous) Politicians.

4. Do you have any ________ (far) questions to ask?

5. Tom drives much ________ (careful) than John.

 

 

第四章 被动语态

(Passive Voice)

 

1．何时运用被动语态：

 

（1）强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus.

（2）不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.

（3）作客观说明：It is said that the meeting has been put off.（经典句型）

 

2．主动变被动的基本方法：（说起来容易，掌握起来需要用心！）

 

（1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

（2）谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。

（3）主动语态主语置于介词 by之后，如无必需，则省略。

（4）不及物动词没有被动语态。

现    在  do (does) →am / is / are + done

We keep the piano in the living-room.

→The piano is kept in the living-room.

过    去  did→was / were + done

They built the bridge in 1980.

→The bridge was built in 1980.

将    来  shall            shall

will do → will + be + done

He will read the book tomorrow.

→The book will be read tomorrow.

现在完成  have       have

has done → has + been + done

We have delivered the newspaper.

→The newspapers have been delivered (by us).

过去完成  had done →had been done

She had seen the film before she came here.

→The film had been seen before she came here.

将来完成  shall            shall

will have done → will have + been + done

By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts.

→By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished.

现在进行  am            am

is doing → is + being + done

are            are

They are drawing the picture.

→The picture is being drawn by them.

过去进行  was doing →was + being + done

were         were

He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.

→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday.

情态动词  may                      may

can                       can

must                      must

should    do →should + be + done

ought to                   ought to

used to                    used to

You must write an article on the subject.

→An article must be written on the subject.

 

测试精编

单项选择：

1. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites ________.

A. was launched      B. are launched      C. have been launched      D. had been launched

2. What kind of advice ________ you?

A. has gave      B. was gave      C. had been given to     D. has given

3. The slave ________ from morning till night.

A. madeto work      B. was made working      C. was made worked      D. was made to work

4. The construction of the laboratory ________ by the end of July.

A. must be completing                 B. must complete

C. must have completed                D. must have been completed

5. Your proposal ________ by the committee soon.

A. is discussed                       B. has been discussed

C. is going to be discussed              D. will have been discussed

 

 

第五章 非谓语动词

 

一．不定式

 

1．定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。

2．形式：（以do为例）

主动语态                 被动语态

一般时            to do                     to be done

进行时            to be doing

完成时            to have done               to have been done

完成进行时        to have been doing

3．用法：

（1）用作主语：

To speak good English is not easy.

or: It is not easy to speak good English.

（采用形式主语 it 以避免头重脚轻）

It took me an hour to do the work.

（2）用作宾语：

She decided to take the examination.

I hope to meet him soon.

（3）宾语补足语：

They expected us to help them.

Hewants his son to study hard.

金牌重点：

不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。

I heard them sing in the classroom.

I made her clean the room.

The girl is heard to sing an English song.

（4）用作表语：To teach is to learn.

His job is to sell cars.

（5）用作状语，表示目的，结果。

We come to school to study English.（目的）

           = in order to

I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（结果）

（6）定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。

He asked for a piece of paper to write it on.

= to write it on the piece of paper.

The poor man has no house to live in.

= to live in the house.

Have you anything to do?

= to do anything

4．不定式的时态意义：

She seems to dance very well.（现在情况）

She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）

She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）

Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（动作持续一段时间）

5．不定式语态：

The doctor recommended him to air the room.

The doctor recommended the room to be aired.

She expects the police to find her bicycle.

She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.

She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.

She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.

6．不定式否定形式：not to do ...

He got up early in order not to miss the train.

测试精编

1. Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven?

A. to take      B. have taken       C. when to take        D. being taken

2. You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day.

A. putting up   B. to be put up      C. to pile up           D. pile up

3. We shall set Jim ________ the passage.

A. explaining   B. explained        C. to explain          D. explain

4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles.

A. tostay      B. than stay         C. than staying        D. than have stayed

5. Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium.

A. discovering   B. having discovered   C. to have discovered   D. to discover

 

二．动名词：

 

1．动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。

2．形式：以do为例

doing → being done

having done → having been done

3．用法：

（1）主语：

Saving is easier than doing.

His coming here will be a great help.

It is no use waiting here, he has left.

It is no goodsmoking.

There is no getting along with him.（简直无法和他相处）

……以上例句皆必须要背诵！……

（2）表语：His job is keeping the hall clean as possible.

Seeing is believing.

（3）宾语：

a. 动词宾语：He admitted taking the book.

I do mind your smoking here.

重磅要点，请读20 遍：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：

admit,  appreciate,  avoid,  complete,  delay,  deny,  enjoy,  fancy,  finish,  mind,  practice,  resent,  risk,  suggest,  allow,  permit...

特注：以allow为例：allow + doing sth（动名词作宾语）。但可以：Allow sb to do sth（不定式作宾补）。

这类动词常见如 advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc.

b. 作介词宾语：

He left without saying goodbye to us.

I'm looking forwardto meeting you.（to 在这里是介词）

（4）定语：

reading room     swimming pool     walking stick

4．动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。

His leaving is a great loss.

Mother dislikes my (me) working late.

John's having seen her did not make her worried.

注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语是必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解释得很拗口，请将例句看透即可！）

5．动名词时态：

I am thinking of setting a new dictionary.（以后）

He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前）

6．动名词语态：

He doesn't like being flattered.

I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.

7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：

（1）在begin，start，continue 等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。

He began writing / to write in 1980.

（2）下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）

He stopped talking. 停止讲话。

He stopped to talk. 停下来开始讲话。

Please remember to post the letter. 记住寄走这封信。

I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄出了这封信。

I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）

I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）

测试精编

1.The workers favor ________ funds to build the bridge.

A. to raise      B. raising      C. raised      D. rising

2. No one can avoid ________ by one's surroundings.

A. to be influenced                     B. having influenced  

C. influencing                         D. being influenced

3. She doesn't feel like ________ tonight.

A. dancing     B. to dance     C. dance     D. to be dancing

4. Does Mr Wang object to ________ her the money?

A. that we lend       B. be lent       C. lending      D. lend

5. I can still recall ________ with him many years ago.

A. to stay     B. to staying     C. to have stayed     D. having stayed

 

三．分词

 

1．分词的性质：

具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。

2．分词的形式：

例：             write (vt)                           rise (vi)

主动语态        被动语态           主动         过去分词

时态

现在时        writing          being written         rising        risen  /  

完成时        having written    having been written    having risen    /  

3．分词的用法：

（1）定语    分词置于被修饰名词前

分词短语于置于被修饰名词后

a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping

a running dog = a dog which is running

a broken glass = a glass which is broken

a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）

This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.

The problem being discussed is very important.

（2）表语：The book is interesting.

He is interested in the book.

The news is exciting.

He feels excited.

（3）宾语补足语：

When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.

I'd like to havethis package weighed.

掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。

（4）状语：（以下例句值得一背！）

① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.

→ Turning to the left, you'll find the station.

② As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.

→ Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.

③ While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

→ Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

④ When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.

→ Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.

 

你知道吗？注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。

① Whenschool was over, the boys went home.

→ Being over, the boys went home. ×

School being over, the boys went home. √

② As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.

→ My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.

③ Ifweather permits, I'll start tomorrow.

→ Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.

④ I fwe judge from his face, he must be ill.

→ Judging from his face, he must be ill.（这里应该是 we judging ...，但若主语是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主语可省略）

实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后在作分解！

4．分词的时态：

现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。

现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。

Entering the room, hesaw he. （几乎同时）

Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. （分词动作在前）

5．语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。

The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.

Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.（渔民先被告知而后驶向港口）

测试精编

Exercises:

1. The ________ news made them ________.

A. excite / exciting          B. exciting / excited

C. exciting / to be excited     D. excited / excited

2. ________ an answer from the committee, he was worried.

A. Having not got           B. Getting not

C. Not having got           D. Having not been got

3. ________, all the quarrels came to an end.

A. The lost money was found           B. Was the lost money found

C. Because the lost money found        D. With the lost money found

4. Many of our dreams ________ impossible in the past have come true.

A. were considered          B. to be considered

C. considering              D. considered

5. The hall was so noisy for the speaker to make himself ________.

A. hear       B. being heard       C. hearing       D. heard

6. After a whole day's heavy work, the old worker returned home, ________.

A. hungry and exhausted        B. hungry and exhausting

C. hungry and being exhausted   D. hungry and exhaust

 

 

第六章 英语句型基本结构

Basic English Sentence Structures

 

精要：五种基本句型

 

1．主+谓（不及物动词）

Man can think. The fire is burning.

不可忽视：常用不及物动词有 break,  breathe,  burn,  smoke,  swim,  skate,  appear,  disappear,  work, think etc.

2．主+谓+表语（系动词）

He became a scientist.

She is getting more and more beautiful.

不可忽视：常用系动词： be,  get,  turn,  feel,  seem,  appear,  look taste,  sound,  smell,  become, go,  prove etc.

3．主+谓+宾（及物动词）

We love peace.

They will paint the door.

常用动词有：see,  watch,  need,  love,  like,  study,  answer,  carry,  etc.

4．主+谓+宾+宾补

We elected him president.

They painted the door white.

I advised the students to recite the texts.

王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式：（请将每个例句大声朗读一遍）

（1）名词：

The couple named their baby Johnson.

（2）形容词：

I keep the door open.

（3）副词：

The naughty boy knocked the bottle over.

（4）不定式：

He ordered his men to fire.

（5）分词：

He heard me singing.

I saw the vase broken.

（6）介词短语：

They look on him as a teacher.

（7）名词性从句：

I asked him what he was doing.

5．（1）主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语

My friend bought me a gift.

I passed him the book.

（2）主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾

My friend bought a gift for me.

I passed the book to him.

 

忘记就意味着背叛→

 

常与介词 for 搭配的动词有：

buy,  make,  do get,  play,  call,  choose,  cook,  fetch,  find,  keep order, s ave,  etc.

常与介词 to 搭配的动词有：

bring,  give,  grant,  hand,  pass,  lend,  offer,  pay,  promise,  sell,  send,  show,  each,  tell,  throw, write, etc.

 

 

第七章 主谓一致

Principle Rules for Subject and Verb Agreement

 

I．单数主语：

1．当every-, some-, any-, no- 等构成的不定代词及 each, either, neither 作主语时，谓语动词为单数。 Someone has told me about it.

Neither of us likes the film.

 

2．当every 或 each 位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。（必记之要点！）

Each girl and boy has a nickname.

Every man and woman is welcome.

 

3．位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常见介词短语有：in addition to, together with, as well as, along with, but, except, etc.

（这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。）

The teacher along with his students is going to the party.

His parents as well as his elder sister have come to see him.

 

II．复数主语：

1．当主语由and 或 both ... and 连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。

● Both thegirl and the boyare his friends.

 

2．如主语是both, few或主语前有both, few, several, many 等限定词时，谓语动词须用复数。

● Several novels have been written by her.

● Both got the news at the same time.

 

3．下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词必须用复数。

trousers, pants（裤子），jeans, glasses, scissors（剪刀），tweezers（镊子），plier（钳子），

scales （天平），compasses（圆规），etc.

● The trousers hereare mine.

 

别忘了：如果以上名词受 “a pair of” “the pair of”修饰时，谓语动词用单数。

The pair of pants is too dirty.

 

III．单、复数的灵活运用：

1．当主语由neither... nor, either... or, not only ... but also 或 or 连接时，谓语动词与nor, or, but also后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”。

● Neither he nor I am going to the airport.

● Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.

 

2．当主语前面有 none, all, some, any, most, half, majority等词时，谓语动词则根据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数。

All of the money has been in the bank. (money 是不可数名词)

All of us have been here.

 

3．“a number of”是复数，修饰可数名词，谓语动词为复数，“the number of”也修饰复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。（黄金要点！！）

● A number of students have passed the exam.

● The number of students in this class is 50.

 

IV. 用作单数的复数形式主语：

1．如主语是指：time, money, weight, volume, etc. 虽为复数形式，但谓语用单数形式。

Two years is a short time.

One hundred dollars is needed by me.

 

2．下列单词如：physics，economics，mathematics，statistics，etc；measles，mumps，herpes，etc，news，ethics，politics，etc. 为复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。

Statistics is a dull subject.

Politics is important.

 

3．书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语，谓动用作单数。

The New York Times is a good newspaper.

 

V．下列名词在形式上保持不变，但谓语动词的数取决于其意义：

1．family，team，class，committee，group，audience，faculty，etc.

The family is big.（总体）

His family like to watch TV.（家庭所有成员）

 

2．species，series，etc.

The species is rare.

These species are common.

 

3．sheep，deer，etc.

The sheep are eating grass.

The sheep is big.

 

VI. Chinese, English, French, etc 指语言时，谓动是单数，如与 "the" 搭配，指人民时，谓语动词用复数。

English is used widely.

The English love peace.

 

VII. 注意下列外来语的单复数形：

单数 

basis 

crisis 

criterion（标准） 

phenomenon 

radius（半径） 

alumnus（男校友） 

datum（资料） 

medium（媒体） 

index（索引） 

appendix（附录） 

alga（海藻） 

vita（生命）

复数

bases

crises

criteria

phenomena

radii

alumni

data

media

indices

appendices

algae

vitae