6.1 表达已知信息

Ø It has been reported/ observed that/ demonstrated that…

据报道/观察/证明…

Ø …is widely used in…

…被广泛应用于…

Ø Something was found/ reported/ mentioned by somebody.

某人发现/报道/说过某事

Ø …is known to…

…已知…

Ø …has long been successfully applied for…

…已被成功应用于…

6.2 表达未知信息

Ø The animal experimental studies have been carried out for years. However, to our knowledge, only a few cases with clinical application have been reported.

在动物实验研究已经进行了多年。但是，据我们所知，只有少数临床应用的病例报告。

Ø There is insufficient evidence from randomized studies…

来自随机研究的证据不足…

Ø There have been few studies of…

几乎没有关于…的研究

Ø There are conflicting data on the…It also remains unclear whether…

关于…的数据有冲突，现在还不清楚是否…

Ø Studies have differed in their conclusion on/ about/ regarding…

研究有着不同的结论，在/关于/认为…

Ø Surprisingly, there is little evidence that…

令人惊讶的是，几乎没有证据表明…

Ø There have been different/ conflicting reports regarding/ on…

有不同的/矛盾的报告关于/在…

Ø Litter research has been done on…

在…方面几乎没有做研究

Ø Relatively little knowledge is available related to…

关于…，几乎没有已知信息可以应用

Ø Little attention has been paid/ given to…

在…方面几乎没有引起注意

Ø It is unclear/ uncertain/ unknown whether…

还不清楚/不确定/不知道…

Ø …is/ remains controversial/ unexplored/ unclear.

…依然有争论/未探索/不清楚

Ø …remains an important unsolved problem.

…留下一个重要的未解决的问题。

6.3 表达未知信息和研究问题之间的连接语

Ø For this purpose, we…

为了达到目的，我们…

Ø To test the hypothesis, we…

为了验证该假说，我们…

Ø To determine whether…, we…

为了确定是否…我们…

Ø To answer the question, we…

为了回答该问题，我们…

Ø In an attempt/ in an effort/ in order to investigate/ determine/ clarify/ assess…, we…

在试图/以调查/确定/阐明/评估，我们…

Ø In this study, an attempt was made to…

在本研究中我们试图…

Ø We hypothesized that…

我们推测 (假设) …

Ø In this study we asked whether…

在这项研究中，我们提出是否…

Ø We designed a prospective trial to test whether…

我们设计了一个准实验，以检测是否…

6.4 表达研究问题

Ø We aimed to determine… and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism of…

我们的目标是确定…并调查可能的潜在机制…

Ø In this study, we tested the hypothesis that…

在这项研究中，我们验证该假设…

Ø The present study aimed to demonstrate…

本研究旨在证明…

Ø We conducted this study to determine whether…

我们进行这项研究以确定是否…

Ø We investigated the association between… and…

我们研究…和…之间的的关联…

Ø We undertook this trial to clarify…

我们进行这项试验，以明确…

Ø We undertook a pilot study to assess…

我们进行了一项初步研究，以评估…

Ø We conducted an interventional study with the aim of…

我们进行一项介入研究，其目标是…

Ø On the basis of published results with… and our previous experience with…, we hypothesized that…

基于对…已公布的结果和以前我们在…方面的经验，我们推测…

Ø The purpose/ objective/ aim of this study/ research/ investigation was to…

本研究/研究/调查的目的/目标/目的是…

Ø This study was designed to…

本研究的目的是…

Ø The present study was undertaken to…

本研究的目的在于…

 

 Useful Expressions of Methods

6.1    表达研究对象的选取

Ø      Patients were randomly selected…

随机选取患者…

Ø      Patients were eligible for inclusion in the… if they have evidence of…

患者如果满足…的条件即可纳入…

Ø      The present study enrolled…

本研究纳入…

Ø      Subjects were eligible to participate if…

如果…受试者就有资格参与

Ø      Patients meeting the following criteria were included in the study…

符合以下条件的患者被纳入该项研究…

Ø      …subjects were recruited/ included/ entered on a voluntary basis…

受试者的招募/纳入/参加都是建立在自愿基础上的…

Ø      All included subjects were examined with…

所有被纳入的受试者都做了…检查

Ø      Patients were included in our study if they had presented with…

如果患者有…表现，则纳入我们的研究

Ø      The study population consists of patients with…

研究群体由…患者构成

Ø      …were excluded from the study/ participation/ enrollment if they had any of the following…

如果他们有下列任何…，则被排除在研究/参与/纳入范围之外

Ø      …were considered ineligible for…

…被认为不符合…

Ø      The criteria for exclusion are…

排除标准是…

Ø      Exclusion criteria included the following…

排除标准包括以下内容…

Ø      …were excluded on the basis of…

…以…作为排除的依据

6.2    表达对象分组情况

Ø      Patients were divided into… groups…

患者被分为…组

Ø      …groups were selected at random…

分组随机选择

Ø      …were randomly assigned by a computerized system

…由计算机系统随机分配

Ø      …were randomly assigned to…groups

随机分为…组

Ø      …were randomized into… with…

用… (方法) 随机分成…

6.3    表达研究的伦理规范和有效性

Ø      …were conducted in agreement with…

按照… (协议)，进行…

Ø      The research procedure was carried out in accordance with…

这项研究的过程是依…进行的

Ø      All procedures complied with the guiding principles for the care and use of animals approved by…

所有的程序都遵循由…认可的关于动物管理和使用的指导原则

Ø      The experiment/ protocol was approved by…

该实验/计划由…批准

Ø      All participants gave written informed consent.

所有参与者都签署了书面知情同意。

Ø      The requirement for written informed consent was waved by…

关于书面知情同意的要求是…

Ø      Verbal consent was obtained from…

从…获得了口头同意

Ø      Participation in the study was optioned for…

这项研究的参与者是从…选择的

6.4    表达材料来源

Ø      …was (were) purchased from…

…购自…

Ø      …was (were) supplied/ provided by…

…由…提供

Ø      …was (were) obtained from…

…从…获取

Ø      …was (were) donated by…; was the/ a gift of/ from…; …was a donation from…

…由…捐赠；…由…赠送，…是…的赠品

6.5    表达试验方法

Ø      Sections of… were prepared as previously described

…按如前所述的准备

Ø      …was (were) prepared according to the method described by…

按照…描述的方法准备…

Ø      The procedures were similar to those in previous studies.

该过程和前期的研究过程相似。

Ø      The… model was established (set up) by… methods.

…模型的建立用... (设立) 的方法...

Ø      …were assayed by… method derived from somebody.

被检测的…来自某人的方法

Ø      …were assayed by… technique adapted from previously published method.

…通过…检测，该技术采用前期已公布的方法

6.6    表达试验步骤

Ø      …was (were) pretreated for… minutes

…预处理…分钟

Ø      The blood samples were collected/ taken/ obtained/ withdrawn from…

血样本采集/取自…

Ø      …was (were) seeded in…and maintained in…

…被接种…并维持…

Ø      …was (were) harvested with…

…用…方法 (获取)

Ø      …was (were) collected/ harvested under… conditions

…在…条件下获取

Ø      …was (were) fixed with…

…用…固定

Ø      …was (were) stained with…

…用…染色

Ø      …was (were) implanted in…

…被植入…

Ø      …was (were) embedded in…

…被嵌入…

Ø      …was (were) grown in... medium

…在…介质中生长

Ø      …was (were) cloned into…

…被克隆到…

Ø      …was (were) incubated/ cultured in…

…在…中被培养

Ø      …was (were) injected/ administered with…

…被注入…

Ø      …was (were) exposed/ subjected to…

…被暴露于…/用…处理

Ø      …was (were) treated with… in the presence or absence of…

…用…处理…在有或无…情况下

Ø      …was (were) extracted using…

…用…方法萃取

Ø      …was (were) suspended in…

…悬浮于…

Ø      …was (were) dehydrated in…

…脱水于…

Ø      …was (were) diluted to…

…被稀释于…

Ø      …was (were) purified from… with the use

….用…方法纯化自……

Ø      …was (were) amplified by…

…通过…扩大…

Ø      …was (were) dissolved in…

…被溶于…

Ø      …was (were) stored at… until use

…在使用前被储存在…

Ø      …was (were) synthesized by…

…由…合成的

Ø      …was (were) multiplied by…

…按…增加

Ø      …was (were) anesthetized with…

…用…麻醉

Ø      …was (were) sacrificed with…

…用…处死

Ø      …was (were) killed by decapitation/ cervical dislocation/ exsanguination.

…处死用…断头术/颈部脱臼/放血

6.7    表达测定方法

Ø      …was (were) measured/ determined/ detected/ evaluated/ assessed by/ using…

使用… 测量/确定/检测/评价/的/评估/...

Ø      Assessment of experiments was carried out using analysis of…

使用…分析方法对实验进行评估

Ø      Analyses were performed with…

用…进行分析

Ø      …procedures were performed/ carried out according to… techniques

按…技术执行...程序

Ø      …was (were) estimated with… according to…

依据…估算…

Ø      …was (were) histologically analyzed and morphometrically evaluated.

组织学分析和形态学评估

Ø      Primary/ Secondary outcome measures were…

主要/次要的转轨指标

Ø      Information was obtained through…

信息是从…中得到的

6.8    表达统计学分析

Ø      …was used to determine the statistical significance of differences between groups

…被用来确定各组之间的差异有统计学意义

Ø      Data were analyzed with…

用…分析数据

Ø      All statistical analyses were performed with the use of…

所有统计分析使用…

Ø      We used logistic regression analysis to identify…

我们采用Logistic回归分析，以确定…

Ø      The level of significance for all outcome was 0.5.

所有结果的显著性水平为0.5

Ø      Statistical analysis was performed by… test, and statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.

用…进行统计分析，统计学意义的定义为P<0.05

Ø      We analyzed data, with a 5% significant if they were less than 0.05.

我们以5%的显着性水平分析数据

Ø      P values were judged significant if they were less than 0.05.

P<0.05则判断为差异有显著性

 

Useful Expressions of Results

5.1    叙述研究结果

Ø      After… treatment, a significant increase in… was observed in…

经过…治疗，在…中观察到…显著上升

Ø      … are presented/ depicted/ displayed/ showed in table 1

…如表1所示

Ø      As Table 3 illustrates…

如表3所示…

Ø      As demonstrated in Table 3…

如表3所示…

Ø      Table 2 provides results of…

表2说明了…的结果

Ø      The rate of… declined by…/ was… percent lower than…/ dropped from… to…

…比例因为…下降/比...下降百分之…/从…降到…

Ø      … increased markedly in… but not in…

…在…方面显著上升，但在….显著下降

Ø      From this table it can be seen that…

从该表可以看到…

Ø      Figure 1 shows/ displays/ indicates/ demonstrates that…

图1显示/展示/说明/阐明了…

Ø      Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of the patients were summarized in Table 1.

该患者的临床特征和实验室数据在表1中概括。

Ø      The principal results were illustrated in Fig 1.

主要结果在图1中阐明。

Ø      Generally clinical characteristics of patients… were summarized in Table 1

患者的一般临床特征总结在表1中。

Ø      … has been highly associated with…

…和…有高度相关性

Ø      There was a direct relationship between… and…

…和…之间有直接关系

Ø      Positive/ negative co-relationship was found between… and…

发现在…之间有正/负相关

Ø      There was a clear direct dose-dependent relationship between…

在…之间有明确的直接剂量依赖关系

Ø      ... correlated well with...

…和…之间有很强的相关性

Ø      We found a marked difference/ clear relationship between… and…

我们发现…和…之间有显著差异/明确关系

Ø      There was no evidence of association for use of… and…

对…和…的使用还没有相关证据

Ø      This model provided the estimated probability of… as follows

该模型提供了…如下的概率估计

Ø      … was strongly associated with/ inversely correlated with/ in direct proportion to…

…与…强烈相关/负相关/成正比

5.2    描述结果的统计学意义

Ø      By contrast with… there was no significant correlation between… and…

通过和…对比，…和…没有明显的相关关系

Ø      The difference was not statistically significant.

没有显著性统计学差异。

Ø      There was a significant/ weak/ negative/ positive correlation between… and…

…和…之间有显着/弱/正/负相关关系

Ø      As shown in table 1, no statistically significant differences were found between… and…

如表1所示，在…和…之间无统计学显着性差异

Ø      But the difference didn’t come up to statistical standard (P>0.05)

但是差异无统计学意义

Ø      We did not find any statistical difference in… levels between… and…

在…水平上，我们没有发现任何统计学上的差异

Ø      … had no significant effect on…

…在…方面没有显著效果

Ø      These phenomena were observed in a dose-dependent manner and were statistically significant.

观察到这些现象呈剂量依赖性，并有统计学意义。

5.3    表达结果的比较

Ø      Rats of group A and B had few differences from the control group.

A组和B组大鼠与对照组相比几乎没有差异。

Ø      Comparisons between… and… are presented in table 2 according to extent of disease

依据病变范围，表2中列出了…和…之间的比较

Ø      The mean value of… was statistically increased in patients with… (disease) compared with the control group.

和对照组相比，…(病)患者的…和…平均值有显著性增加。

Ø      The composition of… was significantly different in the two groups, but… was similar.

…在构成上和这两组显著不同，但…却相似。

Ø      ... were larger in Group 1 than in Group 2, while… were similar in both groups.

1组比2组的…大，但…却相似。

Ø      In control experiments, similar experiments revealed no detectable interaction.

在对照实验中，类似的研究揭示没有可检测到的相互影响。

Ø      No significant differences were found/ observed/ identified between… and…

观察/发现…之间无显着性差异

Ø      ... were significantly increased while… did not change…

…显着增加，而…没有改变…

 

Useful Expressions of Discussion and Conclusion

5.1    表达主要发现及命题答案

Ø      Our present results indicated that…

我们目前的结果表明…

Ø      The findings strongly suggest that…

研究结果强烈提示…

Ø      The present data confirm that…

目前的数据证实…

Ø      Our results suggest that…

我们的研究结果表明

Ø      Although many factors undoubtedly play a role, our results imply that…, which is crucial for this decision.

虽然无疑许多因素发挥着作用，但我们的研究结果意味着…，这是做出这一决定的关键。

Ø      The significance… has been established definitively.

…的意义已经确立

Ø      The experimental evidence suggests that…

实验证据表明…

Ø      In the present study, we show for the first time that…

在本研究中，我们首次…

Ø      One of the major insights to emerge from the study is…

从研究结果得出的主要观点之一是…

Ø      Based on these results we propose that…

基于这些结果，我们建议…

Ø      These results support the hypothesis that…

这些结果支持这一假设…

Ø      We showed a strong association between/ among…

我们发现在…之间/中间有明显的关联

Ø      Strong evidence from animal studies and clinical trials show that…

来自动物研究和临床试验的强烈证据表明…

Ø      We did identify a significant relationship between… and…

我们的确发现…和…之间有重要的关系

Ø      There is substantial evidence that…

有大量证据表明…

Ø      There is substantial pre-clinical evidence to support…

有大量的临床前证据来支持…

Ø      Studies have further established…

研究已进一步确立…

Ø      These results suggest a possibility that…

这些结果表明…的可能性

Ø      Based on the present data and on those available in the literature, we hypothesize that…

根据目前的数据和相关文献，我们推测…

Ø      These findings lend support to the hypotheses…

这些研究结果给…假说提供了证据

5.2    表达与同类研究的比较

Ø      The strengths of our investigation include…

我们的研究优势包括…

Ø      The results of… in the present study were in accordance with…

在本研究中…的结果是与…一致的

Ø      The present study extends these observations…

本研究延伸了这些观察…

Ø      While we confirm these reports, we also show that…

我们证实了这些报道，我们的研究还表明…

Ø      These findings are in agreement/ line/ accordance/ with…

这些结果与…一致

Ø      Previous findings indicate that…

先前研究结果表明…

Ø      Numerous studies have indicated…; other report that…

多数研究表明…；而另外一些报道则认为…

Ø      A number of differences between these previous studies and present design may help explain the conflicting results.

大量前期研究和目前在设计方面的差异，可能有助于解释结果冲突原因。

Ø      This result is in agreement with previous data, showing that…

这一结果与先前研究数据一致，表明…

Ø      A recent study confirms our previous findings and findings in this study.

最近的一项研究证实了我们以前的研究结果和本研究的结果。

Ø      The overall rate of… in this study was compared to the result of other studies…

这项研究与其他研究结果相比较，在本研究中…的总比率…

Ø      These figures are all higher/ lower than those of some other studies…

这些数字均高于/低于一些其他研究…

Ø      To our knowledge, this is the first time that…

据我们所知，这是第一次…

Ø      To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess and demonstrate a relation between…

据我们所知，这是第一次研究以评估和证明…之间的关系

Ø      In contrast to the findings described above…

相对于上述调查结果…

Ø      Currently, no firm conclusion can be drawn, but the following statement represent the consensus view that…

目前，虽然没有明确的结论可以得出，但下面的报告代表了共识…

Ø      Our findings extend the conclusion of observational studies.

我们的研究结果扩展了观察性研究结论。

5.3    表达研究的局限性及对未来研究的展望

Ø      Further work may be needed to definitely determine…

进一步的工作可能需要明确。

Ø      Further study is needed to establish…

进一步的研究需要建立…

Ø      Further studies are required to clarify this issue.

需要进一步研究，以澄清这一问题。

Ø      The present data leave open the possibility that…

目前数据留有余地的可能性是…

Ø      Our study has several limitations.

我们的研究有些局限性。

Ø      Further work will also be necessary to demonstrate that…

还需要进一步的研究以证明…

Ø      Several limitations of our study should be addressed.

应该提及我们研究上的一些局限性。

Ø      The study has several weaknesses still.

本研究仍然有一些不足之处。

Ø      There are still some unanswered questions…

还有一些悬而未决的问题…

Ø      Our goal for the future is to determine if…

我们未来的目标是确定是否…

Ø      We have not yet been able to identify that…

我们还不能够确定…

Ø      In the future, we will extend the present studies to…

今后，我们将扩展目前的研究…

Ø      We anticipate/ expect that…

我们期望…

Ø      Further studies are needed to answer these questions.

需要进一步研究来解决这些问题。

Ø      Some obvious reservations about our results must be addressed.

必须指出我们的研究结果有一些保留。

Ø      The crucial point of future studies has to be…

未来研究的关键点是…

Ø      Further study should help to optimize the use of… in clinical practice.

进一步研究将有助于优化…在临床实践中使用。

5.4    表达结论及研究意义

Ø      We have, thus, concluded that…

我们就此得出的结论是…

Ø      From this analysis, we conclude that…

从该分析，我们得出结论…

Ø      Overall, we feel our data are generalizable…

总之，我们认为我们的数据具有普遍意义

Ø      This finding is biologically plausible and may have significant implications for…

这一发现在生物学上可能有重大意义…

Ø      Our observations may have potential implications for…

我们的结果可能对…有潜在的意义。

Ø      Collectively these and other findings strongly implicate…

总的来说，这些结果和其他结果强烈提示…

Ø      It could be speculated that…

可以推测…