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现在完成时和一般过去时
(2013-05-12 21:16:49)| 分类： 英语 |
现在完成时(the Present Perfect Tense)和一般过去时(the Past Simple Tense)
现在完成时
第一部分：结构和句式
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。学习现在完成时,先从结构和句式开始:
构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have, 此处 have/has为助动词。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。)
否定式:主语
+ haven't/hasn't
（或have/has never）
+
过去分词 +
其他。
疑问式: Have /Has +
主语 +
过去分词 +
其他?
简略答语: Yes,
主语 + have/has.(肯定)
No,
主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
例：He has seen the film.
改为否定句：
改为一般疑问句并做肯定和否定回答：
第二部分：标志词及用法
现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,
既涉及过去，又联系现在。用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:
*
以already,
just和yet为标志
already, just和yet
表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。
He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
注意：*yet 用于句末或not 之后.
Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
We have already finished it.
ever和never
表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经(ever)或从来没有(never)发生过。
This is the best film I have ever
seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
* never表示否定,
放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great
Wall.
* ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever
＋过去分词？“…曾经…过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。
Have you ever been to the farm？
若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次）
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
How many times has he been to the USA? 他去过美国几次？
so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生，用于句首或句末。
So far, we have visited the moon. 到目前为止，我们已经去了月球。
第三部分：瞬间动词与延续性动词
过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在,
甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
*“终止”、“延续”要转换
英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种,在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性,应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。如:
“The cat play”began half an hour ago. 歌剧《猫》在半个小时前开始了。
“The cat play” has been on for half an hour. 歌剧《猫》已经开演半个小时了。
When did you buy this
dictionary?
这本字典你什么时候买的？
How long have you had this
dictionary? 这本字典你买了多久了?（属于你，你拥有多久了？）
|
I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. 我当了近二十年的老师。（到现在为止） |
come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。
这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how
long，for，since）连用。
※
但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如
He has bought the book for two weeks.
改为：He has had the book for two
weeks.
He has borrowed the book for two days.改为：He has kept the book for two days.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow / lend → keep，buy → have,
begin / start →be on , open(v.)→be open (adj.), finish / end →be over, close →be closed, catch / get a cold →have a cold
leave →be away（from), go out →be out, go to school →be in school / be a student, get up →be up,
fall asleep →be asleep , fall ill →be
ill,
join →be in / be a…member, join the army →be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter → have a letter.
例：He has joined the army for three years. 他参军已有三年.（×）
改为: He has been in the army for three years / since
three years ago.
随堂巩固练习：
一.将下列句子改为现在完成时。
（1）He came to our village two years
ago.= He
（2）He left home three days ago =
He
（3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago =
I
（4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the
book = I
（5）The film has begun = The
film
（6）There is a factory =
There
（7）Our school opened in 1960 = Our
school
二.判断正误
1. He has come back for two
weeks.（
3. How long has he left?
（
4. I have bought a new dictionary for a
week.
（
第四部分：时间“点”、“段”须分清
l
① for＋段时间：I have taught English for 19
years。
② since＋（过去）点时间：He has been at this school since
1986.
③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句：I have lived here since I was
born.
④ since＋一段时间＋ago.
：I have known him since 20 years ago.
例如：He has been away for two
years. 他已走了两年。(for+时间段)
例如： We have learnt English_____
对划线的时间长度，提问用how long： How long have you learnt English?
随堂巩固练习：用for 或since填空。
1. Jill has been in Ireland
Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland
three days.
3. My aunt has lived in Australia
15 days.
4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there
7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country
1974.
6. The bus is late. We've been waiting
20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty
many years.
8. Mike has been ill
a long time. He has been in hospital
October.
第五部分：其他应注意的问题：
have/has gone to…
have/has been to…
have/has been in…
随堂巩固练习：
一.用have/has gone to, have/has been to, have/has been in 填空
1. A: Where’s Jim, Li Lei?
2. The Greens ______ ______ _______ China for three years.
3. We _____ ______ ______ the Great Wall twice. It’s very beautiful.
4. ______ you ever _____ _____ Shanghai?
5. Where is Lucy? She has ____ ____ the lab.
6. Lucy has been _____ China since 5 years ago.
7. Where is your father?
8. How many times _____ you _____
_____ Beijing?
9.
—I can’t find your mother.
10. I _____ never _____ _____ France.
11. Joe：
Can I have an apple,
please?
12.判断I have gone to Japan. (
13.判断The scenery of Yunnan is very
beautiful, I have been there twice. (
第六部分：现在完成时中动词过去分词变化规则总结
1.规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加－ed（－d）。
finish-finished-finished,
play-played-played,
2.已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同（ABB型）
1)
原形中的元音字母有变化:
get-got-got,
2)
原形中的辅音字母有变化:
make-made-made, spill-spilt-spilt, have/ has-had-had,
build-built-built, send-sent-sent, lend- lent- lent,
spend-spent-spent
3)
在原形后加t或d:
spoil-spoilt-spoilt,
pay-paid-paid,
4) 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:
feel-felt-felt, smell-smelt-smelt, spell-spelt –spelt,
keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, sweep-swept-swept,
leave-left-left,
3.与原形相同
（AAA型）:
hit-hit-hit, hurt-hurt-hurt, let-let-let, put-put-put,
read-read-read, set-set-set, shut-shut-shut, cost-cost-cost,
cut-cut-cut
4.
还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同
（ABC型）:
1)
原形中的元音字母有变化:
ring-rang-rung,
2)
在原形上加－en:
eat-ate-eaten, fall-fell-fallen, ride-rode-ridden, write-wrote-
written, be-was/were-been, rise-rose-risen,
forget-forgot-forgotten
3)在原形上加－n:
see-saw-seen,
4)在过去式上加－n:
steal-stole-stolen,
5) 与原型相同（ABA型）:
come-came-come, run-ran-run,
become-became-become
6)
原形、过去式和过去分词都完全不相同的:
do-did-done,
个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:
learn-learned-learned,
二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。
1.
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
He has seen this movie two times. He began to see it three years ago, and last Sunday he saw it again.
他看这部电影两次了。他在三年前开始看，上周日他又看了一遍。
2.
过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work,
study等
举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this
film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his
paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned
yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three
years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three
years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
(
三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in
1960）时，不能用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his
parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last
night.
练习
一．用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. With the medicine box under her arm,
Miss Zhao _________(hurry) off to look after the man. So far she
__________(look)
2. Jim __________(make) many friends since he ________(come) to China.
3. They __________(know) each other for about ten years. They ________(meet) in a singing competition.
4.He______ already ______(write) a letter to the factory ________(ask) them __________(stop)__________(make) noise.
5. —When ______ she
______(leave)?
6. —______ you ______(see) the film
before?
7. —Thank you all the same, Mr. Black, but I __________(not eat) sweets.
8. They usually ______(go) ________(fish) when they __________(live) there. But these years they ___________(not do) it.
9. —How long ______ she ______(be)
ill?
10. They __________(not start) to work in the field until the rain _________(stop). And they just __________(finish) it.
二．按要求完成句子。
A)句型转换。
1. John went to see his grandmother once a week.(对划线部分提问)
2. Miss Qin has taught in this school since 1998.
3. My mother has been to America before. (一般疑问句）
4. He has already finished his homework. (改为否定句)
He ______ finished his homework ______.
5. She has never been to Shanghai before. (改为反意疑问句)
B)同义句转换,每空一词。
4. My father came back the day before yesterday.
5. My uncle bought the new car two months ago.
6. They left Changsha an hour ago.
7. The film began ten minutes ago.
8. The old man died 5 years ago.
The old man ______ ______ ______ _______2008.
9. I have kept Mary’s book for a week.
I ________ Mary’s book ______ week.
10. Miss Qin has lived in Wuhan since she was five.
Miss Qin ________ to Wuhan _______ she was five.
11. They have been friends since 1993.
They ________ friends twenty years ________.
12. Miss Gong has been in the Party since thirteen years ago.
三．单项填空。
1. —I’m sorry, Cathy, I ______ your radio for such a long time.
2. —Where have you ______ these days?
3. —Where is your father? We haven’t seen each other for weeks.
4. They have ______ since the factory opened.
5. Jim ______ the Great Wall many times.
6. It ______ ten years since they ______ to France.
7. —______ to the United States?
A. Have you been, went
C. Did you go, have been
8. I won’t go to see the film tonight because I ______ my ticket.
9. Miss Wu has taught in this school ______.
10. —I ______ today’s homework yet. What
about you?
A. haven’t finished, have finished
C. haven’t finished, finished
11. —Ann has gone to Shanghai.
A. has
12. Mother _______me a new coat yesterday.
I _______ it on several times. It fits me
well.
A. had made…have tried
B. made…have tried
13. —He ____to draw horses already. — When ______ he ?
A. learned…has
14.Tom _____up into the tree.
A. has got…is
15. ____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours
ago.
A. Did…copy…did
16. —Why ______ she _______ angry ?
A. did…get…shouted
17. ______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it
?
A. Have
…seen…did…see
C.
Have…seen…have…seen
18.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since
five.
A. kept…waited B. have kept…waited
19.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library. He _________ there
for an hour.
A.has…been…has
gone
B. has…gone…has been
C. did…go…went
20.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______
crying.
A. Has…cried…has
stopped B. Is…crying…stopped
21. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many
years.
A. knew…have lived
22. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I
have.
A. Have…gone to
23. My brother ____college for over three
years.
A. has gone to
24.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989. He ______ in the army
since then.
A. joined…is
25. By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten
satellites.
A. came…have sent
B. came…had sent
C. come…have sent
D. had come…sent
26. Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock. Then he ____ a
rest.
A. went…took
B. went…had taken
C. had gone…took
D. had gone…had taken
27. Mr Black ________to China ten years ago. Since then he ________
here.
A. came, lived
28. We ____________ trees last Sunday. So far we __________ over
3，000 trees there.
A. planted；
planted B. planted；
have planted
三.翻译下列句子
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