三个人缓步而行。他们都在四五十岁的样子，每个人摇着一把白纸扇。

[译文1] There came three men. They advanced slowly. All of them were forty or fifty years old and each of them carried a white paper fan with them.

[译文2] Fanning themselves with white paper fans, three men advanced slowly, all some forty to fifty years old.

请用形合意合理论分析以上译文。

    就英语和汉语而言，语言学上最重要的一个区别便是形合与意合的差异。英语重形合，即句中各意群、成分之间都用适当连接词组成复句，形式上比较严谨，缺乏弹性；汉语则重意合，也就是更多地依靠语序直接组合复句，由于其句子成分用逻辑意义贯穿起来，结构灵活、简洁，不会引起误解。

    译文1没有具体分析原文中句内的关系，只是按照汉语的顺序简单排列，表意散乱，重点不突出，句与句之间没有关联。

    译文2译为一句，比较起来更符合英文的表达习惯，原因是确立句内各部分的关系，区分重点表达意义（three men advanced slowly）与辅助表达意义（fanning …; forty to fifty years old），要表达的意义突出，衔接恰当，主从关系一目了然，逻辑清晰。

Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.

[译文1] 用火箭进行研究已证实了人们早就怀疑的大气层的一个中心在距地面的30英里高空的“高温带”的这种奇怪事实。

[译文2] 人们早就怀疑，大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实得到了证实。

请用形合意合理论分析以上译文。

就英语和汉语而言，语言学上最重要的一个区别便是形合与意合的差异。英语句式是主干突出的树型结构，用英语表达复杂思想时，往往先得支起主谓这根坚实的树干，而后再进行添枝挂叶，即逐层补进各种修饰成分，让句子内容充实起来。因此，英语句式常呈现出开门见山的趋势：最重要的信息和最能表达作者意图的句子通常出现在句首，待态度和观点亮明之后，再一一补全其他信息。汉语无词形变化，语法形式的表达主要依靠词汇手段，组词造句中完全依据逻辑语意和动作发生的时间先后决定词语和分句的排列顺序，重意合而轻形合。因此，汉语句子主要是主题突出且层层递进的竹式结构，而竹式结构的句子表达思想的步骤恰好与英语句子相逆，往往先阐述交代外围环境，再步步深入，节节展开，直至最后点出话题中心。

显然译文2更符合汉语习惯。英汉句子叙事、推理的顺序在很多情况下是相反的。英语在叙事时往往先说最近发生的事，再说先前发生的事；汉语在多数情况下则先叙述先前发生的事，再叙述最近发生的事，顺序和英语相反。英语在句子中往往先“总提”（比如个人感受，事情的结论、推断等），然后才叙述所发生的事情；汉语则先说事，后总结。

The thought of returning filled her with fear.

她一想到要回去，心里就害怕。

On May 26, 1958, Westinghouse completed a small nuclear reactor for the production of civilian electric power at Shippingport Pennsylvania, with a capacity of 60,000 kilowatts.

1958年5月26日，维斯汀豪斯公司在宾夕法尼亚州希平波特建成一座生产民用电力的小型核反应堆，容量为6万千瓦。

There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important.

我们认为， 同样重要的还有另一种谈话方式。

They are long-term policies, which will be incorporated in the Basic Law for Hong Kong and preserved intact for 50 years form 1997.

这些安排是长期的政策，它们将写入为香港制定的基本法中，并在1997年以后的五十年内保持不变。

The temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state.

太阳内部温度极高，任何物体均无法呈现为固态。

汉语的特点之一就是动词占优势。

One of the characteristics of Chinese language is the predominance of the verb.

再坐一个小时的车，就可以到那个村了。

Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.

翻译划线部分

Respected Your Excellency,

My Chinese friends,

Thank you very much for your kind words of welcome. This is a happy and memorable occasion for me personally as well as for the members of my delegation.

To come to China, one of the very earliest cradles of civilization, is, I suppose, the dream of many people the world over. I, therefore, feel very honored to be your guest.

……

When we established our friendly and cooperative relations, we did so on the understanding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of mutual respect and equality, and mutual benefit. These are the principles on which we seek friendship with all peoples of the world. It is absolutely vital that all nations, big or small, strong or weak, should conduct their relations with each other on these principles.

……

I’d like to take this opportunity to extend to Your Excellency an invitation to visit my country, so that we will have an opportunity to return the warm welcome and generous hospitality you extended to us.

In closing, may I say again how delighted and privileged we are to be in your country. We are deeply grateful for what you have done for us since our arrival in your country. May I propose a toast.

To the health of Your Excellency,

To the health of all the Chinese friends,

To our lasting friendship.

Cheers!

                                                   （节选自梅德明《口译教程》）

[参考译文]

非常感谢阁下友好的欢迎致辞。对我本人以及代表团所有成员来说，这都是一个愉快而难忘的时刻。

访问古老文明摇篮之一的中国，我想这是世界上许多人梦寐以求的愿望，因而，能成为贵国的客人，我感到非常荣幸。

这些原则是我们寻求同世界各国人民建立友谊的出发点。所有国家，无论大小强弱，都应该以这些原则为基础处理相互间的关系，这一点是至关重要的。

在我结束讲话之前，我想再次表达来贵国做客的愉快和荣幸之情。对于我们抵达贵国后你们为我们所做的一切，我们深表感谢。

现在我提议，

为阁下的身体健康，

为所有中国朋友的身体健康，

为我们的友谊长存

干杯！