投资必知的九大经济指标

1. 利率 -- Interest Rate 

• 是一定时期内利息额和借贷资本总额的比率。
• An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by a borrower (debtor) for the use of money that they borrow from a lender (creditor).

 中央银行的基准利率有：

• 再贷款利率(loan interest rate/loan rate/lending rate)
• 再贴现利率(Rediscount Rate)
• 存款准备金利率(required reserve ratio/reserve requirement ratio)
• 超额存款准备金利率（Deposit Reserve Rate）

2. 贴现率 -- Discount Rate

• 贴现率又称门槛比率（Europe称为the refinancing rate,the UK称为repo rate,the US称为discount rate），是指商业银行办理票据贴现业务时，按一定的利率计算利息，这种利率即为贴现率，它是票据贴现者获得资金的价格。
• Discount rate, also called rediscount rate, or bank rate,  interest rate charged by a central bank for loans of reserve funds to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. This charge originally was an actual discount (an interest charge held out from the amount loaned), but the rate is now a true interest charge, even though the term discount rate is still used.
• 贴现是指银行承兑汇票的持票人在汇票到期日前，为了取得资金，贴付一定利息将票据权利转让给银行的票据行为，是银行向持票人融通资金的一种方式。贴现率不能超过现行的贷款利率。

3. 存款准备金率 -- Deposit-reserve Ratio 

• 存款准备金，也称为法定存款准备金或存储准备金，是指金融机构为保证客户提取存款和资金清算需要而准备的在中央银行的存款。中央银行要求的存款准备金占金融机构存款总额的比例就是存款准备金率。
• The reserve requirement (or cash reserve ratio) is a central bank regulation employed by most, but not all, of the world's central banks, that sets the minimum fraction of customer deposits and notes that each commercial bank must hold as reserves (rather than lend out). These required reserves are normally in the form of cash stored physically in a bank vault (vault cash) or deposits made with a central bank.
• 存款准备金率上升，货币紧缩，利率有上升压力。
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4. GDP -- 国内生产总值 -- Gross Domestic Product

• 国内生产总值是指在一定时期内（一个季度或一年），一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a year, or other given period of time. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living.
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5. 失业率 -- Unemployment Rate

• 失业率是指失业人口占劳动人口的比率。
• Unemployment (or joblessness) occurs when people are without work and actively seeking work. The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force.
• 失业率是股市的晴雨表，被视为一个反映整体经济状况的指标，对投资者具有很大的影响。
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6. CPI -- 居民消费价格指数 -- consumer price index

• 消费者物价指数，是反映与居民生活有关的商品及劳务价格变动的指标，通常被用来观察通货膨胀水平。
• A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI in the United States is defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as "a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services."
• CPI直接关系到货币的购买力，影响到国家的货币政策和财政政策等宏观经济调控的方向，投资时跟着CPI走，才能最大限度地获取稳定的投资收益。CPI上升率表示生活成本上升率，表示通货膨胀率。
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7. 货币供应量 -- Money Supply 

• 货币供应量是指一国在某一时期内为社会经济运转服务的货币存量，它由包括中央银行在内的金融机构供应的存款货币和现金货币两部分构成。
• In economics, the money supply or money stock, is the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time.[1] There are several ways to define "money," but standard measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits (depositors' easily accessed assets on the books of financial institutions)
• 货币供应量由三大指标表示，分别是M0、M1和M2。
  M0是指流通中的现金，即在银行体系外流通的现金；
  M1是指狭义货币供应量，即M0+企事业单位活期存款；
  M2是指广义货币供应量，即M1+企事业单位定期存款+居民存储存款。
• M0: In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, M0 includes bank reserves, so M0 is referred to as the monetary base, or narrow money.
  MB: is referred to as the monetary base or total currency. This is the base from which other forms of money (like checking deposits, listed below) are created and is traditionally the most liquid measure of the money supply.
  M1: Bank reserves are not included in M1.
  M2: Represents M1 and "close substitutes" for M1.[14] M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. M2 is a key economic indicator used to forecast inflation.
  M3: M2 plus large and long-term deposits. Since 2006, M3 is no longer published by the US central bank. However, there are still estimates produced by various private institutions.
  MZM: Money with zero maturity. It measures the supply of financial assets redeemable at par on demand. Velocity of MZM is historically a relatively accurate predictor of inflation.
• 投资指南：对于长线投资者而言，当判断M1同比增速将处于下降趋势时，应当及时将资金从股市撤出；当判断M1同比增速将处于上升趋势时，应当大胆地进行战略性建仓。M2高于M1 5%以上，说明市场见底，熊市结束；M1高于M2 5%以上，说明市场见顶，牛市结束。
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8. 贸易顺差和逆差 -- Favorable of Balanced Trade/ Trade Suplus & Unfavorable Balance 0f Trade / Trade Deficit

• 贸易顺差和贸易逆差是对一个国家一定时期内进出口商品总额情况的客观描述。在一段时期内，一个国家的出口商品额大于进口商品额，叫做对外贸易顺差；反之，就叫做对外贸易逆差。
• The commercial balance or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance.
• 贸易顺差和逆差情况会影响一国的投资环境和币值，从而间接地影响一国的资本环境。
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9. 汇率 -- Exchange Rate

• 汇率又称汇价或外汇行市，是一国货币兑换另一国货币的比率。
• In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency.
• 汇率变动会通过影响进出口、物价和资本流向来作用于宏观经济。本币汇率下降，即本币对外的币值贬低，会使得本国出口产品价格降低，进口商品在国内的价格上涨，从而起到促进出口、抑制进口的作用，进而促进对于本币的需求增长，造成本币的升值压力，当存在本币对外币升值的趋势时，吸引大量“热钱”流入，推高国内的股市和房地产市场。

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