第六章 动名词

第一节：动名词做主语

 

一、直接位于句首，作主语，谓语动词多用单数

 

Seeing is believing.

Having a successful marriage takes effort and patience, and communication is the key.

要获得成功的婚姻，需要努力和耐心，而沟通交流是关键。

 

二、it is no … doing sth. 结构，it作形式主语，doing结构是真正的主语

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

Is it any good trying to explain?

It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.

 

三、There be 句型中出现动名词。

 

1. There is no point (in) doing something. “做…没有必要，没有意义”

    There is no point in my buying salmon if you don’t like fish.

    There is no point in my going out to date someone since I could hardly forget her.

 

2. There is no use/good (in) doing something, “做…是没有用的”

    There is no use arguing with him.

 

3. There is no doing something, 相当于it’s impossible to do something, can not do something. 表示“没有不能、不可能、无需……”

    There is no denying the fact that….

There is no knowing the future.

There is no telling what will happen tomorrow.

 

第二节  动名词作宾语

 

一、有一些动词只能用动名词作宾语

常见的有Appreciate, avoid, admit, advise, anticipate, consider, contemplate, delay, dislike, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, encourage, endure, feel like, finish, fancy, favor, forbid, forgive,  give up, involve, imagine, leave off, mention, mind, miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practice, prohibit, put off, risk, resent, resist, suggest, tolerate, understand等

    此外，还有 can’t help, can’t stand,

 

 

    Many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.

I will overlook your being so rude to my sister this time, but don’t let it happen again.

   

二、 有些动词后面，既可以加不定式，也可以加动名词，但含义或用法不同。

 

1.      demand, deserve, need, require, want等动词后，

 

加动名词主动形式，表示被动的意思。

The garden needs watering.

Your hair needs cutting.

 

加不定式结构，则需用不定式的被动形式。

The garden needs to be watered.

Your hair needs to be cut.

 

2. remember, forget, stop, go on, regret, try, mean, chance等词，

加动名词，表示之前的事；

加不定式，表示之后的事

 

2.1 remember:

remember doing sth. 记得之前做过的某事。

I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time.

I don’t remember locking my suitcase.

    remember to do sth. 记得需要履行的职责或马上要完成的任务

Remember to go to the post office.

Remember to do some exercises after sitting for a long time.

 

2.2 Forget:

forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过的事情

        I forgot locking the door.

   forget to do sth. 忘记了要做的事

       Don’t forget to return my book in time!

 

2.3 Stop:

        I really must stop smoking.

I will stop to have a rest.

 

2.4 Go on:

The manager went on explaining the plan.

Despite the noise, Peter went on sleeping.

Finishing the new words, the teacher went on to attack the text.

 

2.5 Regret.

Regret doing sth: 对已发生的事情表示遗憾

        I regret letting slip that opportunity. 我真后悔错失了那个好机会

        I don’t regret telling her what I thought, even if

    Regret to do sth: 遗憾地通知或告诉某人某个坏消息

We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.

I regret to tell you that you failed the test.

We regret to inform you that the flight has been cancelled.

 

2.6 try

try doing sth:尝试做某事，看看会发生什么结果

   I tried sending her flowers, but it didn’t have any effect.

       Try using this key to see if it works.

try to do:经过一番努力，试图完成某事

I once tried to learn Japanese.

 

2.7 mean

    Mean doing sth: 意味着…

       Your plan would mean spending hours.

       Love means never having to say you’re sorry.

    Mean to do: 打算做某事，本意做某事，意思是想…

       I don’t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?

       I don’t mean to offend anyone but somehow I succeed in annoying them all.

 

2.8 chance

    Chance doing sth: = risk doing sth, 冒险做某事

       He chanced climbing the rock without any aid.

    Chance to do sth: =happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事

       He chanced to find his lost bike in front of a store.

 

 

三、其它动名词结构

1. Have + difficulty, trouble, problem,(a lot of ) fun,  (lots of ) pleasure, a hard time, a good time,  a difficult time,…

+ （in）doing something.

    

注：have time to do something.

      类似结构还有：take the trouble to do sth., trouble to do sth.等

 

    I have a hard time getting used to living in a small place.

 

2. can’t help doing, can’t resist doing, can’t keep from doing, can’t hold back from doing, can’t keep back from doing…..都表示“情不自禁….”“不得不….”

No one can help liking Tom since he is such a cute boy.

 

注：下列短语加不定式：can’t help but do, can’t but do, can’t choose but do….

 

3. be worth doing，值得做某事，主动形式表示被动含义

  be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done

    The book is worth reading

The book is worthy of being read.

The book is worthy to be read.

 

4. to doing 结构

  一些固定短语，需要在to的后面加动名词：

Look forward to, object to, be/ get used to, prefer doing to doing, in addition to,

be accustomed to do/ doing, amount to doing (意味着…)，take to doing (开始喜欢做…)

devote…to doing/ be devote to doing, dedicate…to doing/ be dedicate to doing, be averse to doing,

be opposed to doing, get round to doing, the way/ approach/ solution to doing….

 

      I am looking forward to hearing from you.

      The students object to increasing their tuition.

 

 

第三节 动名词复合结构

 

一、    构成：one’s doing

由物主代词（his, your, my…）或所有格名词与动名词连用，表明引出动名词的逻辑主语，用以区别句子的主语。

Mary insisted on reading the letter.    玛丽坚持要看那封信。

Mary insisted on my reading the letter. 玛丽坚持要我看那封信。

 

He disliked working late.      他不喜欢工作到深夜。

He disliked my working late.   他不喜欢我工作到深夜

 

二、用途: 在句中作主语或宾语

    Tom’s coming home at last was a great consolation.

Do you mind my making a suggestion?

 

  注：有时，也可将其中的物主代词改为宾格形式，或将所有格名词改为普通名词。

It’s no use Tom arguing with his boss.

Do you mind me making a suggestion?

I am annoyed about John forgetting to pay.

 

其转换规律大致如下：

（1）如果动名词在句中作主语，最好用所有格形式。

Tom’s refusing to accept the invitation upset me.

It was a great consolation his coming home at last.

 

（2）动名词在句中作宾语时，则用所有格形式或普通形式均可。

Do you mind me making a suggestion?

I am annoyed about John forgetting to pay.

 

第三节 动名词时态与语态

 

一、动名词的被动式：being done

    当动名词所修饰的名词或代词在意义上是充当动名词动作的承受者，或者说是作动名词的逻辑宾语时，动名词要用被动形式。

 

He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差一点就被车轧到了。

I have not the least objection to the child being punished. 我毫不反对对孩子进行惩罚

    I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time.

 

注，如前所示，demand, deserve, need, require, want 等动词后面，

动名词主动形式表示被动的意思， 而不需用动名词的被动形式

    如果改用动词不定式，则必须使用动词不定式的被动形式

 

二、 动名词的完成式：having done

    用动名词完成式表明动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前

      He denied having been there.

      I repented having shot the bird.

      He regretted not having gone to university.

 

三、动名词的完成被动式：having been done.

    具有完成式和被动式的双重特点

      I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

      He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.

 

 

第四节  there be 的动名词及不定式形式

 

一、 there be的动名词形式：there being

     该形式多用于介词后面

       He spoke of there being danger.

       No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.

       No one had told Smith about there being a lecture the following day.

       Ann never dreams of there being a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.

 

二、 there be 的不定式形式

     用在接不定式做宾语的动词后，或用于介词for后面。

 

       For there to be life, there must be air and water.

       It was too late for there to be any buses.

       I don’t mean there to be any unpleasantness. 我绝无冒犯之意