英语课堂纠错技巧(二)
在学生进行口语练习中,不要期望学生的表达没有丝毫差错,要允许学生犯错误。对学生的错误教师要采取宽容、耐心的态度,切不能过分地纠正他们的错误而使他们对口语练习失去信心(Brown
& Yule,
2000)。因此,教师纠错必须十分谨慎,处理是否恰当直接影响到教学效果和学生的学习积极性。
笔者根据Hedge及Lyster 和
Ranta(1997)提出的纠错策略,并结合自己多年的教学实践,将常用的课堂纠错技巧分为以下几类:
1.
直接纠错法(Explicit correction)
直接纠错是指学习者出现错误时,教师打断其语言训练或实践活动,对其错误予以正面纠正(说出正确的语言形式,并让学生改正)。这种纠错方式常用于旨在让学生掌握正确的语言形式而进行的机械操练或侧重语言精确输出的各种练习中(牟金江,
2004)。教师直接纠错时使用的课堂用语通常有:You should say… / No, you shouldn't say
that. / Read after me. / Pay attention to… / Oh, you mean… / We
don’t say…in English. We say…等。例如:
T: What did
you have for breakfast this morning?
S: I have a
bottle of milk, an egg and two cakes.
T: Oh. You
should say“I had a bottle of milk…”Read after me, please.
S: Oh,
sorry. I had a bottle of milk, an egg and two cakes.
2.
重述法(Recasts)
重述是指教师对学生语言表达中的错误进行含蓄纠正。这是一种温和的错误纠正方式,是对学生的表达进行部分肯定之后的纠正。该方法以学生的语言表达为基础,对部分成份或词语进行修正,并保持原表达的意思不变(倪文君,
2004),对于纠正学生口语中的语法错误比较有效。
例1:
S: He is
watch TV.(第一次表达)
T: He is
watch TV ? Patrick is watching a football game on TV.(重述)
S: He is
watching TV.(第二次表达)
T: Right. Go
on please.
S: She’s do
one homework.(第一次表达)
T: She’s
doing her homework.(重述)Oh, she has a lot of homework to do.
S: She’s
doing her homework.(第二次表达)
例2:
S: I think
that the worm will go under the soil.(第一次表达)
T: I think
that the worm will go under the soil?
S:
…(没有回答)
T: I thought
that the worm would go under the soil.(重述)
S: I thought
that the worm would go under the soil.(第二次表达)
3.
强调法(Pinpointing)
教师重复学生的话,有意重读和拖长出错部分的发音或用升调以表示特别强调。Chaudron(1988, 转引自James,
2001)发现这种显明错误所在位置的方法常被用于学生的自我纠错。这种方法既能纠正学生的口语错误,保证学生顺利进行口头叙述,又能顾及学生的面子和自尊心,呵护他们参与口语活动的积极性。
例1:
S: I am
going in Beijing.
T: I am
going IN (?) Beijing?
S: I am
going to Beijing.
例2:
T: Where did
you spend your holiday this summer?
S: I go to
Qingdao for my holiday.
T: You
GO (?) to Qingdao?
S: Oh, I
went to Qingdao for my holiday.
4.
启发法(Elicitation)
教师通过以下方式启发学生纠正错误:⑴ 就学生的错误部分提问,如“How do we say…in
English?”,同时放慢语速或稍作停顿;⑵ 以目光或手势示意该学生继续回答问题;⑶ 也可以提供几个相关选项供学生选择;⑷
如果该学生依然不能说出正确的形式,则请另一位学生提示或回答。
例1:
T: Excuse
me, what is she doing?
S1: She is cleaning a class.
T: She is
cleaning a class?(停顿一会儿)OK. But how do you clean classes?(学生笑)Oh,
no.(以目光或手势示意该学生继续回答)
S1: …(没有回答)
T: Now
another student. Lily, please. Excuse me, what is she doing?
S2: She is cleaning the classroom.
T: Ah, yes.
She is cleaning the classroom.
例2:
T: Now, look
at this picture. What’s in it?
S1: Three basket of apples.
T: Three
basket of apples? Is he right?(用目光或手势示意全班学生回答)OK. Please correct
it.
SS: Three baskets of
apples.
T: Yes.
Good. Well done. OK(转向犯错的学生), do you understand?
例3:
T: How long
have you lived in Nanchang?
S: I… I
lived, no, I had…
T: Have
lived, lived, had lived?
S: I have
lived in Nanchang for three years.
5、重复法(Repetition)
教师发现学生的语言错误后,可以要求学生重新回答,并使用Once more. / Pardon? /
Repeat please.等对学生加以引导。如:
S: I made my birthday cake last night when I was in
bed.
T: Er? Who made your birthday cake? Once more.
S: My mother.
T: Oh, your mother. And then repeat it please.
S: My mother made my birthday cake last night when
I was in bed.
6、追问法(Pumping)
当学生没能准确回答问题而又未犯语法错误时,教师应鼓励学生继续回答,直到他/她做出更合理的、更符合逻辑的回答。例如:
T: Who told
you the news?
S: The
sports meet will be held in our city next summer.
T: Good, but
who told you the news, Mary or Mike?
S: Mary told
me the news.
7、澄清法(Clarification requests)
教师因不明白学生说的话或发现学生的言语出现形式错误而发出明确的信息要求学生纠正,通常使用What? / I’m sorry? /
Pardon me? / What do you mean by…?之类的话。
例1:
S: Look! My
pant is too small.
T: What?
S: My
pant.
T: My what?
S: My pants is too small.
T: Right. My pants. But pardon me? My pants
what?
S: My pants are too small.
例2:
S: I want be
a scientist when I grow up.
T: Er? I’m
sorry? I want…
S: I want to
be a scientist when I grow up.
8、等待法(Waiting)
有些口语错误只是语误而已。在听到学生的语误时,教师应尽可能延长等待时间,让学生自行纠错(James,
2001)。学生发言时,教师最好不要打断学生。必要时,可以使用一些表示不认可或困惑等的体态语或简短的提示语,以帮助学生意识到错误并进行自我纠正。例如:
T: Well,
please say something about your aunt.
S: OK. My
aunt is a pretty long…tall woman. He…she is a…an accountant. She
work…works on…in a car factory. She usually go…goes to work by a
car…by car. She likes travel…traveling.
9、元语言反馈法(Metalinguistic feedback)
元语言反馈是指学生出现言语错误时,教师并不直接说出正确答案,而是对学生的错误进行技术上的分析和描述,如指出词类误用、时态错误等,常用的课堂用语有Can
you find your error? / No, not…. We don’t say…in English. / Do we
say that in English?等。这种方法更适合高中生,尤其是高水平学习者。
例1:
S: I go to visit my grandparents with my uncle last
weekend.
T: Do we say “go” here? “Go” is “present tense”.
I’m afraid you used a wrong tense.
S: I go…went…I went to visit my grandparents last
weekend.
T: Yeah. I went.
例2:
S: If I am you,…
T: Your sentence contains a grammatical
construction “the subjunctive mood”. If you want to say“假如我是你”,
there’s a special structure. Do you remember?
S: Let me see. Oh, yeah. If I were you,...
教师在纠错时,不应重复使用某一种纠错策略。在选择纠错的方式上,应综合考虑教学效果、学习者的语言水平、性格特点以及情感因素,做到多种纠错策略灵活运用。
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