第七讲 汉英语篇翻译(一)
(2017-03-19 11:33:28)分类: 讲义精选 |
由于汉英两种语言的显著差异,与英译汉相似,汉译英时,不仅要着眼于每个句子,更应着眼于句子所在的段落乃至篇章,否则,所给出的译文即使每个句子均没什么毛病,但整个篇章却缺乏必要的统一、连贯和衔接,不符合英语的行文习惯。因此,第七、八讲审视汉语段落及由多段组成的汉语篇章的英译问题。
一、
因为篇幅及时间有限,本讲仅以英语段落为例
下面我们就审视连句成段的主要手段。如果我们对此重视了,把汉语翻译为英语时,就能保证所译出的英语在段落和篇章层次上也能显得较为地道。
连句成段的手段主要有3种:
1.
1)
Robert says we can offer the poor respect. And what might they offer back? The constituency had a rude cheer for it.
罗伯特说我们可以给穷人以尊重。但穷人会有什么反映呢?那个选区早就对此喝了倒彩。
2)
The babysitter looks after my daughter every weekend. But she can’t do in the end of the semester because she has to prepare for the final examination.
保姆每周末都照料我女儿。但期末她不行,因为她要准备终考。
3)
Here is a red silk blouse and a blue one. The blue seems to suit you better.
有一件红色的真丝罩衫和一件蓝色的。蓝的似乎更适合你穿。
Overall, the communities on CompuSever tend to be more professional; those on America Online, affluent young singles; Prodigy, family-oriented.
总的来说,经常上“计算机服务网”的群体一般是专业技术人员;上“美国在线”网的一般是富有的独身者;“奇才网”则面向家庭。
4)
If you always yield to impulse, you are mad. If you never yield to impulse, you gradually dry up and very likely become mad to boot.
如果你总是屈从于冲动,你便是个疯子。如果你从不屈从于冲动,那你就会渐渐地失去生气,而且很可能也会疯掉。
2.
1)
A. 人称照应:人称代词
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me,” “He doesn’t talk to me.”
在我本人的研究中,女性对丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些实际的不平等现象,例如,为了跟随丈夫的事业而放弃了发展自己事业的机会,或者她们所承担的日常生活琐事远远超过日常份内的部分。她们的抱怨总是集中在交流的问题上,比如“他不听我说话”,“他不和我说话”。
B. 指示照应:this, that, here,there
I like that. He damages my bike and then blames for letting him use it.
他把我的自行车弄坏了,还责怪我借给他车。我真是自讨苦吃。
Here is the news. A diplomat was kidnapped last night in London….
下面是新闻。昨天夜里,有位外交官在伦敦被绑架。……
C.比较照应
At first glance the scientist’s reproduction of the ancient mastodon (柱牙象) look very much like our modern-day elephant. … But a closer inspection reveals some differences between the pre-historic creature and the modern one.
乍看上去,科学家制造的柱牙象复制品与我们的现代象十分相像。……但仔细审视一下就会发现,这头史前动物与现代象有些不同。
2)语义的重复出现
A.关键词重复
I say to you, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream that deeply rooted in the American dream.
朋友们,今天我要告诉你们,尽管当前还有很多困难挫折,我仍然怀有一个梦想。这个梦想深深扎根于美国人的梦想之中。
B.用同义词,近义词
It does seem strange that only a century and a half ago dinosaurs were quite unknown. Dinosaurs were still to be discovered, studied and described.
想来的确奇怪,就在一个半世纪前,人们对恐龙还一无所知。恐龙尚有待发现、研究,它的模样尚有待想像。
C. 平行结构
This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the south. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. …
这就是我的希望。这就是我带回南方的信念。怀着这一信念,我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。怀着这一信念,我们能将我国种族不和的喧嚣变为一曲友爱的乐章。
3.
1)
I can’t tell you how glad we were to see each other again. We used to be very great friends before she went to live abroad. I hadn’t seen her for – let me see – ten or twelve years, at least.
我说不清我们不久前再次见面时是多么高兴。她移居国外前,我们一直是非常要好的朋友。我至少——让我想一想——有10到12年没见到她了。
2)
This is flying. The wind presses the goggles (防风镜) to my face. I am strapped in a bucket seat with nothing around and beneath me but space. I look past my feet to the brown California hills and the bank of grey clouds covering the Pacific a thousand feet below.
这就是飞行。疾风使防风镜紧紧贴在我的脸上。我坐在凹背单人座椅上,身上系着安全带,上下左右除天空外,什么也没有。从脚下望去,我看到加利福尼亚棕色的群山,以及覆盖着太平洋1000英尺上空的灰色云层。
3)
Look at the sample questions, and make sure that you understand how answers are marked. If the test is to be machine-scored, be particularly careful in marking answers. There will be no human scorer to help you by trying to make out what you mean.
请看例题,弄清如何标明答案。要是机器评分,划答案时就要特别小心,因为不会有阅卷人来分辨你的意思。
4)
Once when she was touring in South America, she drove the men so mad that they had to have a lottery for her. Yes, a singular idea, but not really so strange in Cuba, where, we leave everything to chance, even the pretty women.
有一次她在南美巡回演出,真倾倒终生,男人竟为她买起彩票来。这算是别出心裁,但在古巴不足为怪,古巴人干任何事都相信运气,连欣赏漂亮女人也不例外。
5)
总之,英语连句成段,乃至连段成章都有各种各样微妙的手段,所以,我们所译出的各个英语句子之间,乃至各个段落之间,一定要善于运用英语衔接与连贯的各种手段与策略。
理解与表达时的语篇意识
1. 理解:翻译前至少看完一段,甚至一本书
2. 表达:需摆脱汉语词语搭配和句式,用地道的英语如写作一样,重新遣词造句
二、汉语段落英译
1. 统一性与连贯性
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
例1.(1)果然过了一会儿,在那个地方出现了太阳的小半边脸,红是真红,却没有亮光。(2)这个太阳好像负着重荷似的一步一步、慢慢地努力上升,到了最后,终于冲破了云霞,完全跳出了海面,颜色红得非常可爱。(3)一刹那间,这个深红的圆东西,忽然发出了夺目的亮光,射得人眼睛发疼,它旁边的云片也突然有了光彩。(选自巴金《海上的日出》)
译文:(1) As expected, the sun soon appeared revealing half of its face, which was very red but not bright. (2) It kept rising laboriously bit by bit as if weighted down with a heavy burden on its back until, after breaking through the rosy clouds, it completely emerged from the sea aglow with a lovely red. (3) Then, before I knew it, the dark red orb began to shine blazingly, dazzling my eyes until they stung and all of a sudden lighting up the surrounding clouds.
解析:这是一个描写性段落。该段描写的主体是“太阳”,可原文第1句是无主句,因而译文首先把the sun作为主语,因为英语的句子,除祈使句外,一般要有主语。第2句的述语——即主语后的部分,看似并列结构,第3句中的两个部分也好像是并列结构,其实均不然。译者没有拘泥于原文的字面意思和表层结构,一词一句、亦步亦趋地译,而是根据原文要表达的意思,按英语“形合”的习惯进行翻译。译文三个句子的主语乃至第2句中由“until”引导的从句的主语经调整完全取得一致,而且用代词或意思相近的词(the dark red orb)进行替代,既不重复,又前后照应;译文的时态均为一般过去时,语态则为主动语态。译文各句中的各个部分之间运用许多连接词,主次分明,条理清楚。译者在第3句前增补的“Then”属句子间的连接词;该句中分别以“dazzling”和“lighting up”为核心的两个短语形成平行结构。总之,译文具有较强的统一性和连贯性,意思清晰,行文流畅,准确地表达了原文的信息。
例2.(1)最令人触目惊心的一件事,是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下的移动,每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。(2)再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历,每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命又缩短了一天。(3)因为时间即生命。(4)没有人不爱惜他的生命,但很少人珍视他的时间。(5)如果想在有生之年做一点什么事,学一点什么学问,充实自己,帮助别人,使生命成为有意义,不虚此生,那么就不可浪费光阴。(6)这道理人人都懂,可是很少人真能积极不懈的善为利用他的时间。(选自梁实秋:《时间即生命》)
译文:(1) It is most starling to hear a watch or clock clicking away the seconds, each click indicating the shortening of one’s life by a little bit. (2) Likewise, with each page torn off the wall calendar, one’s life is shortened by another day. (3) Time, therefore, is life. (4) Nevertheless, few people treasure their time as much as their life. (5) Time must not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquire some useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful. (6) All that is self-evident, yet few people really strive to make the best use of their time.
解析:这是一议论性段落,论述的是时间和人生的关系,其中第3句是主题句,第5句包含了原作者的具体观点。译文各句的时态完全统一:均用一般现在时。前4句之间先后用了3个连接词Likewise, therefore, Nevertheless。原文第5句的主句和从句都是无主句,译者把较短的主句提前,顺理成章地译成了被动句,开头用了time一词,这不仅与第3、4句中的time相呼应,而且还避免了“头重脚轻”。第6句开头用All that指代第5句所陈述的整个内容。此外,和主题相关的关键词life(生命)和time(时间)均重复了多次。原文前两句是松散的并列句,译为简单句后,主次分明,更符合英语的语言习惯;而且,原文第2句中的“寿命”只是其第2分句作宾语的小句之主语,译者将其译为整个第2句的主语,这样一来,就突出了life一词,使其与作为主题句的第3句中的关键life,乃至第4、5句中的关键词life衔接得更为自然,更为紧密。译者除了把第5句中原有的并列结构“做一点什么事,学一点什么学问,充实自己,帮助别人”译为平行结构,还把“使生命成为有意义,不虚此生”译为so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful,其中的significant and fruitful也是平行结构,这使该句的译文衔接得更为自然,读起来更为流畅。
至此需要强调,汉语书面语言中的许多句子,如原文的前两个句子,看似并列句,译成英语时,一般却要译作复合句——即全句只有一个主句,只含一个主语,一个谓语,因为英语书面语中复合句占绝大多数。
2. 意义层次的调整与重组
练习:
我爱花,所以也爱养花。我可还没成为养花专家,因为没有工夫去作研究与实验。我只把养花当作生活中的一种乐趣,花开得大小好坏都不计较,只要开花,我就高兴。在我的小院中,到夏天,满是花草,小猫儿们只好上房去玩耍,地上没有他们的运动场。