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第三讲    汉英词语翻译(二)

(2017-03-01 09:13:51)
分类: 讲义精选


一、专有名词翻译

1. 人名翻译

1)一般用拼音翻译:

陈鲁豫  Chen Luyu    张欢  Zhang Huan    欧阳海  Ouyang Hai

2)有些传统译法已固定:

孔子  Confucius   孟子  Mencius  老子  Lao-tzu  庄子  Chuang-tzu

2. 地名翻译

1)一般可音译,如:

北京  Beijing   上海  Shanghai  河南  Henan  郑州  Zhengzhou

2)有的意译或音意结合译法已成固定,须记住:

三峡  Three Gorges  黄海  Yellow Sea  

独秀峰  Peak of Unique Beauty  七星岩  Seven-Star Cliff

长江  the Changjiang River   峨眉山  Ermei Mountain

泰山  Mount Tai  山海关  Shanhai Pass

3)街道名:音意结合或意译

滨河路  Riverbank Road   湖滨路  Lakeside Road

陇海中路  Central Longhai Road  中原东路  East Zhongyuan Road

建国门内大街  Inner Jian’guomen Main Street

科学大道  Science Main Street

4)行政区

重庆市  Chongqing Municipality  郑州市  Zhengzhou City

黄陂县  Huangpi County  彭县  Pengxian County

新疆维吾尔自治区  Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  

地区Prefecture    自治州  Autonomous Prefecture

二七区  Erqi District

3. 文章标题与书名的翻译

一般用名词词组,重读词的第一个字母要大写

1)在文中用引号

低温条件下气压对实验室标准测试的影响

The Effect of Air Pressure on Standard Laboratory Test at Lower Temperature

叶天士活血化瘀法则探讨

An Approach to the Principle of Activating Circulation and Relieving Stasis Formulated by Ye Tianshi

“大公有私”:私营经济潮在涌动

The Face of Private Enterprises in China

2)书名一般用斜体

《围城》  Fortress Besieged   《史记》Records of the Historian

《水浒》Water Margin   《上海掌故》In search of Old Shanghai

《中国总工程师指南》A Guidebook for Chinese Chief-Engineers

《中国成语故事一百篇》100 Chinese Idioms and Their Stories

 

此外,影视名称和机构名称的翻译亦大抵如此,拿不准可查汉英词典。名称的翻译基本上是一对一的,识记较易。

 

二、声音词翻译

1. 汉英声音词有类似,但也有不同,翻译时须注意常用声音词的对应关系。

1)相似的如:

(),(啸) roar   (狼)嚎 howl   (老鼠)吱吱 squeak 

()  neigh      sough     bang  隆隆  rumble 

咕咕 cuckoo  嘶嘶  sizzle   噼啪  pitapat  叮咚  ding dong

2)不同的如:

(猿)啼  wail  羊叫  bleat   ()  bark, yap 

(喜鹊)喳喳chatter  吱纽  creak

2. 翻译时,要根据具体上下文选不同的词,有时须删减

登!登!登!一阵楼梯响,匪徒们上楼了。

Then followed a loud Clump! Clump! as the bandits rushed up the stairs.

小女孩说着,就登、登、登地下楼去了。

With those words, the little girl clattered downstairs.

 

三、颜色词

1. 分类

1)基本颜色: purple  grey   brown

2)实物颜色:金黄 gold  银白 silver  橙黄 orange 

lead-grey  铅灰   蜡黄  waxy yellow  桔红 orange-red

2. 颜色的细微变化

1)加深:dark (deep) + color word

青山  green mountains  深黛色 deep blue

2)变浅:light (pale) + color words; color words + -ish

浅黄色 light yellow, yellowish

3)变暗:dull (darkling) + color words

惨黄 dull yellow

4)变亮:vivid (lush, bright) + color words

翠绿 vivid green 

3. 颜色词语与文化涵义

1)相似  黑市  black market   黑心肠  black-hearted 

黑名单 black list

2)不同:黄色书籍  dirty/indecent/pornographic books

红眼病 green-eyed

 

四、叠词的翻译

汉语中多叠词,如:看看,洗洗手,眼巴巴,楚楚动人,风雪茫茫,说说笑笑,一针一线,糊里糊涂,比试比试,说一说,等

翻译策略:

1. 重叠有关词语

仔仔细细地  very, very carefully  走啊走  walk on and on

读啊读  read and read

2. 用语义相符的语法结构

我们听着听着不觉哈哈大笑起来。

As we listened we burst into laughter.

数着数着  As they counted,

我的事情太多,做都做不完。

There are too many things for me to attend to.

他很听话,我的话句句听。

He was very obedient and always did as I told him.

3. 用语义相符的词

他不能忘记她温情脉脉的眼睛。

He can’t forget her eyes full of tender affection.

他花白的胡子,乱蓬蓬的。

He had an unkempt, grizzled beard.

我们怎能眼睁睁地看着国家财产被洪水冲走呢?

How can we stand here and watch the public property being washed away by flood

曲曲折折的荷塘上面,弥望的是田田的叶子。

All over this winding stretch of water, what meets the eye is a silken field of lotus leaves.

 

五、成语及习语的译法

1) 直译或借用英语中的有关习语:此种译法很少见

羽毛丰满 full-fledged  空中楼阁 castles in the air    掌上明珠 the apple of one’s eye

暗箭伤人 stab in the back  祸不单行 An evil chance seldom comes alone.

有其父必有其子。Like father, like son.

跑了和尚跑不了庙。

The monk may run away, but the temple can’t run with him.

2)意译

节外生枝 new problems crop up unexpectedly    乳臭未干 smell of the baby  油嘴滑舌 glib-tongued

葫芦里买的什么药?What’s at the back of it?

他怕碰一鼻子灰,话到嘴边,又把它吞了下去。

He was afraid of being snubbed, so he swallowed the words that came to his lips.

我要有个三长两短,你给他捎个话。

If anything should happen to me, let him know.

3) 节译:汉语重平衡和气势,其成语或习语中的组成部分意思上时有重复,英译时翻译一部分即可。

愁眉苦脸 gloomy faces   不学无术 uneducated  长吁短叹 sigh deeply   丰功伟绩 great deeds

“这断子绝孙的阿Q!”远远地听得小尼姑带哭的声音。

“Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun’s voice tearfully in the distance.

4) 直译和意译兼用

怨声载道 cries of discontent all round  贼头贼脑 behave stealthily like a thief  风餐露宿braving the wind and dew

她一个单身人无亲无故

She was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her.

5)直译加注:翻译来源于中国古代寓言故事或历史故事的成语或习语时

八仙过海,各显其能 the Eight Fairies (The eight immortals in Taoism in Chinese folklore.) crossed the sea each displaying his own talent.

司马昭之心,路人皆知。

The Sima Zhao’s trick is obvious to every man in the street. [Sima Zhao was a prime minister of Wei (220—265) who nursed a secret ambition to usurp the throne. The emperor once remarked: “Sima Zhao’s intention is obvious to every man in the street.]

 

Exercise:

1.    英语大班精读多媒体教学实验研究


2. 屋后是一片翠绿的菜园。

3. 绿化祖国,人人有责。

4. 解放军不拿群众一针一线。

5. 没人会相信他的花言巧语。
Keys:

1.    Large Class Multimedia Instruction in College English Reading Course: An Experiment

2.    There was a vegetable garden of a vivid green behind the house.

3.    It is everybody’s duty to make our motherland green.

4.    The PLA men will not take a single needle or piece of thread from the masses.

5. No one will believe his sweet words.

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