第六讲 动词的时态和语态
1.动词的时态
在英语中,不同的时间所发生的动作要用不同的动词形式来表示,这种不同的动词形式称为时态。过级考试常考的时态有以下几个:
①在由when, if, after, before, although, as
soon as, because, as, even if, in case, though, in case, though,
till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever,
wherever等引导的状语从句中,用一般现在时态代替一般将来时态。
1)
When you come tomorrow, I will tell you the
news.你明天来的时候,我将告诉你那个消息。
2)
Whatever happens, you should keep
cool-headed.无论发生什么事,你都要保持冷静。
3)
If you do not go away at once, I will send for a
policeman.如果你不立即走开,我要去叫警察了。
4)
Wherever you go, I will follow
you.你到哪里去,我也到哪里去(你走到哪里,我跟到哪里)。
②进行时态表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作或即将开始的动作。常用的动词有:go, leave, arrive, come, meet,
return, start, stay, stop, do, dine(吃饭), give, have, pay, join, punish,
spend, sleep, take, die, publish等。
1)
Call a doctor quickly. The old man is
dying.快找个医生,这位老人生命垂危。
2)
I’m publishing a book this
year.我计划今年出一本书。
3)
The National Day is coming. Let’s give our
classroom a thorough clean!
国庆节要到了,我们把教室彻底打扫一下吧!
4)
He is leaving for London
tomorrow.他明天要去伦敦。
③过去完成时常用在有hardly/scarcely/barely…when…; no
sooner… than…等句子中,意思为“刚一…就”。句子要用倒装语序。
1)
No sooner had he seen me than he left the
room.他一看见我就离开了房间。
2)
Hardly had the helicopter landed when the waiting
crowd ran toward it.
直升飞机一着陆,等候的人群就朝它跑过去。
④现在完成时主要有两在用途:表示动作的结束和过去的动作对现在的影响。常用状语有:just, already, yet ,ever, never,
several times, recently, these days, these years和for, since, ever
since引导的时间状语。
1)
The engineer has only studied English
for a very short time.这位工程师只学过很短一段时间的英语。
2)
Our country has changed a lot since
1979.自从1979年以来我们的国家发生了巨大的变化。
3)
They have not measured the volume
yet.他们还没有测量体积。
⑤过去完成时一定要与一个确切的过去时间或一个过去动作并用,进行比较,表示“过去的过去”。
1)
We had just had our breakfast when an
old man came to the door.当老人来到门口时,我们刚吃完早饭。
2)
The president had died before his
wife reached the hospital.总统在他妻子到医院之前就死了。
2.动词的语态
英语动词除了有时态外,还有语态。英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的构成是“be+过去分词”,各种时态的被动语态都体现在be的变化上。下面只讲过级常考的、特别需要注意并加以掌握的几个问题。
①有些系动词如:get, become, grow, prove, turn
out,
等,可以用来代替动词be,
构成被动语态。通常是为了强调行为的瞬间而不是结果的状态。
1)
She became
frightened.她给吓坏了。
2)
The girl got dressed by her
mother.这位女孩的母亲给她穿好衣服。
②某些感官系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义,如:look, smell, feel, prove, wear,
sound, taste等。
1)
The dish tastes
delicious.这盘菜尝起来很香。
2)
The apple smells
sweet.这个苹果闻起来香甜。
第七讲 分词(短语)作定语和状语
分词是非限定性动词的一种,即它不能单独作用句子的谓语,而是充当句子的辅助成分。
分词可以分为一般时现在分词、完成时现在分词和过去分词,它的规则变化是由动词加-ing或-ed变化而来,因此分词的一个显著特点是具有动作性,在句子中它可以带自己支配的主语、状语、宾语等一起充当句子成分,如定语、状语、主语、宾语和表语等。本讲重点分析分词作定语、状语的用法。
主动语态和被动语态分词表现形式如下:
|
分 词
|
及物动词
|
不及物动词
|
|
主动语态
|
被动语态
|
主动语态
|
|
现在分词
|
一般式
|
asking
|
being asked
|
going
|
|
完成式
|
having asked
|
having been asked
|
having gone
|
|
过去分词
|
无
|
asked
|
gone
|
注:及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成意义,故没有主动语态。
1.分词定语
1.1根据时态、语态不同
①现在分词的一般式表示分词动作正在进行或保持的一种状态。
1)
a flying plane一架正在飞行的飞机
2)
a room facing the
south朝南的房间
3)
The question being discussed is very
important.正在讨论的问题是很重要的。
②过去分词用来表示已经完成的动作或被动的意思。不及物动词的过去分词用来表示时间性,说明该动作已完成或处于某种状态。
1)
a story written by Mark
Twain马克·吐温写的小说
2)
a bridge built in 1930 1930年修建的桥
3)
a girl dressed in
white穿白衣服的女孩
4)
fallen leaves落叶
1.2分词与动名词作定语的比较
分 词 动 名 词
a sleeping boy
睡着的男孩
a sleeping
berth
卧铺
a waiting taxi
候客的出租车 a waiting room
候车室
区别:分词作定语,它与被修饰名词肯定存在主谓关系或动宾关系。
a running train—the train is running
奔驰的火车 火车在行驶
The problem left—leave a problem/the problem is
left
遗留下来的问题 留下问题
动名词作定语,主要说明被修饰的名词的用途、目的、特性等。
a writing table
写字用的书桌—写字台
drinking
water 饮用水
1.3分词与不定式作定语的比较
分 词 不 定 式
the news being broadcast
the news to be
broadcast
正在广播的新闻 将要广播的新闻
区别:分词表示动作在进行中或已经完成,不定式表示动作将要发生。
1.4分词定语的位置
它的位置可能前置,也可能后置。
①单个分词通常位于被修饰名词的前面(前置)。
1)
boiling water
沸腾的水 2) a discussed issue
已经讨论过了的问题
②由分词构成的合成词或者副词/名词+分词构成的词组位于名词前面。
1) water cooling motor
水冷式发动机
2)
best known
story广为人知的故事
3) a simply-furnished room
4) a fast-killing chemical
weapon快速致使的化学武器
③由分词组成的短语放在名词的后面(后置)
They moved to an apartment neighboring Sun
Hotel.他们搬到了一个靠近太阳酒店的公寓里去了。
2.分词作状语
分词短语常可用状语,此时分词动作的逻辑主语是主句的主语。作状语的分词短语还可以与一些状语从句相互替代。
2.1表示谓语动作发生时的伴随状况、行为方式
1)
He ran to me, holding a letter in his
hand.他向我跑了过来,手中握着一封信。
2)
Accompanied by his friends, he went to the railway station.他在朋友的陪同下去火车站了。
3)
He scratched his head, wondering how to solve the
problem.他挠了挠脑门,不知道怎样解决这个问题才好。
2.2表示时间,可用来表示同时或顺序发生的动作,相当于when, after等引导的时间状语从句。
1)
Seeing this, we became worried(When we way this, we became
worried).看到这个情况,我们开始着急了。
2)
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door(After he took a key out of his pocket,
he opened the door).
他掏出钥匙,开了门。
2.3表示原因、背景、状况,相当于because引出的从句
1)
Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help.由于人手不够,我们请他们帮忙。
2)
Born in a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.由于出身贫寒,他只上两年学。
3)
Absorbed in his work, he neglected food and sleep.他专心于工作,废寝忘食。
4)
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.由于没有收到贺信,他决定再写一封信。
注:一般式现在分词表示的动作与该句动词动作同时发生,或在该句动作之后发生。完成式现在分词更强调分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
1)
Having finished the experiment, he left the lab.做完实验后,他离开了实验室。
2)
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
给了她这样一个好机会,她怎么能轻易放过?。
2.4表示条件和假设,相当于if引导的条件句,在口语中它相当于含有条件意义的并列句
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.如果服得及时,这种药是非常有效的。
等于:If the medicine is taken in time, you’ll
find it quite effective.
2.5表示结果
He fell down, striking his head against the ground
and hurting it.
3独立主格结构
当分词短语带有自己独立的逻辑主语,与主句的主语无关时,称为独立主格,亦称分词复合结构。它的作用与前面讲到的分词作状语相同,可以表示伴随、原因、条件、时间、方式等。Being在独立结构中常常被省略。
1)
Mother (being) ill, he didn’t got to school.母亲病了,他没有去上学(留下来照顾母亲)。(原因)
2)
Weather permitting, we shall go to the city park.天气可以的话,我们将去城市公园。(条件)
3)
The question (being) settled, we wound up the meeting.问题解决之后,我们就结束了会议。(时间)
4)
He came into the room, his face (being) red with
cold.他走进屋来,脸都冻红了。(伴随)
注:with+名词+分词及其辅助成分,也是独立主格结构的一种。
She sleeps with the
window (being) open even in the winter.
4.
插入语形式
一些分词短语已经固定成为习惯用法,它们是说话人对后面所说的话进行解释、引入话题等等,经常充当句子的插入补充成分。
1)
Frankly speaking, I don’t like this dish.说句实话,我并不喜欢这道菜。
2)
Judging from what you say, he has done a good job.从你的话里判断出,他干得不错。
3)
Speaking of arts, do you like oil painting? 说到艺术,你喜欢油画吗?
其他一些类似结构有:generally
speaking(总的说来), considering
that(考虑到…), taking all things
together(总的算来)等等。
第八讲 “情态动词+动词完成式”的用法
“情态动词+动词完成式”是情态动词的一种特殊用法,是近年来大学过级考试常考的语法内容之一。它表示对过去事情的推理、猜测或判断,也可以表示过去的责任和义务等。这种结构可以接表示过去的时间状语。现根据含义分类叙述。
1.“must, may或might+动词完成式”
表示从现在的角度对过去情况的推测。三者的区别在于:might的可能性最小,意为“或许是”;may的可能性较大,意为“可能是”;must的可能性最大,几乎可以肯定下来,意为“一定是…;准是…”。
1)
It must
have rained last night because the ground is
wet.昨晚一定是下雨了,因为地面都是湿的。
2)
The room is clean and tidy. It must have been
cleaned.这个房间又干净又整齐,一定是打扫过了。
3)
They haven’t come. They may have missed the
train.他们还没到,可能是误了火车了。
4)
They might
have solved the problem with ease.他们或许轻而易举地解决了这个问题。
5)
They may
have tried every means.他们也许试过了各种办法。
注:(1)must表示推断时通常不用于否定形式,其否定形式多用can’t代替。即“must not+完成式”常用“can’t+完成式”代替。
He can’t have
been to your home. He doesn’t know your
address.他不可能去过你家,他不知道你家地址。
(2)“may not+动词完成式”表示对过去的行为作出非肯定性推断。
He may not have
gone there.
2.“can或could+动词完成式”和“can’t
或couldn’t+动词完成式”
2.1“can或could+动词完成式”
2.1.1表示过去能做而没做的事,有种对过去未付诸实施的事情的婉惜之情。意为“本来…”;“本可以…”。
1)
In those circumstances, we could have done
better.在那样的情况下,我们本来可以做得更好的。
2)
I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you
ask me?我本来可以借钱给你的,可你为什么不向我借?
2.1.2推测过去的某种行为
1)
The money has disappeared! Who could have taken
it? 钱不见了,是谁拿走了呢?
2)
Where can
she have gone?她可能到哪里去了呢?
2.2“can’t或couldn’t+动词完成式”表示过去的行动的否定推测,意为“不可能…”。
1)
The room is in a terrible mess. It can’t have been
cleaned.这房间太乱了,不可能打扫过了。
2)
The boy can’t have finished reading the
book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.
这孩子不可能那么快就把那本书读完了,因为这本书对成年人来说都很难读懂。
3.“should(ought to)+动词完成式”和shouldn’t(oughtn’t
to)+动词完成式
3.1“should(ought to)+动词完成式”表示过去应该做的事而没有做,含有批评之意。意为“本该…”。
1)
You should
have given her more help.你本该多给他一些帮助。
2)
You ought
to have returned the book earlier.你本应该把书早些还回去。
3.2“shouldn’t(oughtn’t
to)+动词未完成式”表示某种不该做的事却做了。意为“本不该…”。
1)
She shouldn’t have left the hospital, for she had
not yet recovered.
她本不该那么早就出院的,因为她还没有康复。
2)
You oughtn’t to have stopped on the
motorway.你不该在快车道上停车。
4.“needn’t+动词完成式”
表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为,意为“本不必…”。
1)
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is
going to rain.你本来不必浇花的,因为天马上要下雨了。
2)
We needn’t have told him the news, because he knew
it already.
我们本来不必把那个消息告诉他,因为他已经知道了。
3)
I needn’t have written to him because he phoned me
shortly afterwards.
我本不必给他写信,因为过后不久他就来电话了。
第九讲 某些动词后接不定式和动名词时的区别
在try, mean, remember, forget, regret, go
on, stop等动词后面的动词不定式和动名词所表示的意义不同。
(1) try to do指“努力,企图”,而try doing指“试试做某事”
1)
I have been trying to master English for the past
few years.过去几年来我一直想办法要精通英文。
2)
If you can not fall asleep easily, try drinking a
glass of milk before going to bed.
如果你不易入睡,睡前喝杯牛奶试试看。
(2) mean to do指“打算,意欲”,mean doing指“意味着,意思是”。
1)
I mean to study hard.我打算努力学习。
2)
Success means working hard.成功的含义就是勤奋。
(3) remember to do指“记着要去做某事”,remember doing指“记得已做过某事”。
1)
I remember meeting Jane in
1970. 我记得在1970年就见过珍。
2)
Remember to lock the door when you
leave.你离开时,请记住把门锁上。
(4)forget to do指“忘了要做某件事”(因忘了而没有去做),forget doing指“忘了做过的事”。
1)
He forgot writing the letter.他忘记了写过那封信。
2)
He forgot to write the letter.他忘记了写那封信。(还没写)
(5) regret to do指“对尚未做的事表示遗憾,抱歉,”regret doing指“对做过的事后悔”。
1)
Tom regrets saying those foolish
things.汤姆很后悔曾说过那些傻话。
2)
I regret to tell you that I am not able to attend
your party tomorrow.我抱歉不能参加你明天的宴会。
(6)go on to do指“接着干另外一件事”, go on doing,指“停了一会儿,又接着做同一件事”.
1)
He went on talking about his
accident.他继续谈他经历的那场事故。
2)
He went on to talk about his
accident.他接下来谈他经历的那场事故。
(7) stop to do指“停下来去做另外一件事”,此时stop为不及物动词,to do为状语,stop doing指“停下正在做的事”,此时stop为及物动词,doing为宾语。
1)
The object stops moving.该物体停止运动。
2)
He stopped to look at his
watch.他停下来看了一下手表。
(8)try to do
指“设法做某事”,try doing
指“试着做某事”
1)
I once tried to learn French.
我曾试图学法语。
2)
I tried sending her flowers, but it didn’t have
any effect.
我试着送她花,但没有任何效果。
第十讲 强 调
在书面语中,通过采用强调句型,添加强调词或改变句子成分的结构位置等方法来突出某一句子成分,称为强调。
(1)当要强调的成分是句子的主语、宾语或状语时,用强调句型:“It is(was)+被强调成分+that+句子其他成分”。当强调主语或宾语时,如果被强调的成分指人,可以用who, whom(宾格)代替that;如果被强调的成分指物,可以用which代替that。如果强调状语只能用that,不能用when或where。被强调的如果是原因状语从句,只能用because引导,不能和since、as或why引导。
1)
It was in the 1960’s that the trade between the
two countries reached its highest point.
直到20世纪60年代,两国之间的贸易才达到最高峰。(状语)
2)
It was the man referred to as a specialist that
she first heard of from Stephen.
她是从史蒂芬那里第一次听说这个人是专家的。(宾语)
3)
It was because the water has risen that they could
not cross the river.
正是因为水涨了,他们没有渡过河去。(状语)
4)
It is Tom that (who) sent me the
letter.给我寄信的是汤姆。(主语)
5)
It is I who am in charge of your
class.是我负责你们班。(主语)
(2)
“It is him whom…”和“That is he whom”
1)
That is he whom you talked to.(That
is…结构,不用him)你就是与他谈的话。
2)
It is him whom you talked to.(强调结构,不用he)你就是与他谈的话。
(3) very表示强调时,前面常用the, that, this或my, their等等。
1)
He is the very man I’m looking
for.他正是我要找的那个人。
2)
This is the very lowest price.这是最最低的价。
(4)
“on earth, in the world, in
heaven和under the sun”这些短语在疑问句中意为“究竟”,用于否定句中意为“全然,一点儿也…”加强最高级语气时,意为“最最”。
1)
He had not a penny in the
world.他身无分文。
2)
What on earth are you going to
do? 你究竟要干什么?
(5) It was not until+名词/词组/句子+that+句子其他成分意为“直到…才…”
1)
It was not until last year that he began to learn
English.一直到去年他才开始学英语。
2)
It was not until a few days ago that I knew his
name.直到近几天以前我才知道他的名字。
3)
It was not until I came to China that I knew what
kind of a country she is.
直到我到了中国以后才知道她是一个怎样的国家
(6)
用do强调谓语动词
如果句子中没有助动词,在肯定句中可以用do(单数第三人称用does,过去时用did)来表示强调,一般译为“务必、一定、确实、的确”等。
1)
Do come early.一定早点来。
2)
Transistors do have advantages over electron
tubes.晶体管的确比电子管优越。
3)
Some people did believe that the earth was flat
many years ago.很多年前,某些人确实认为地球是扁平的。
4)
She said she would come and she did
come.她说她会来的,也的确来了。
5)
Light does travel much faster than any other
things.光确实比任何别的东西传播快得多了。
加载中,请稍候......