result in、lead to、bring about、  

  contribute to、give rise to、 

  responsible for 用法辨析

                                           佳中

 

 

 

这组动词短语都可表示“引起”、“造成”、“导致”的意思。

 

result in   侧重强调所造成的结果，而结果通常是不良或消极的结果。

 

   1）The fall he had during his infancy resulted in his deafness.

      小时候的一次跌跤造成了他的耳聋。

   2）Experts estimate that surgical complications result in at least one million

      deaths a year.

      专家估计手术并发症每年至少造成一百万人死亡。

   3）Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.

      这种药使用过量会损害肝脏。

   4）Any violation of the rules or guidelines may result in expulsion from

      competition.

      参赛者如有违反上述规则将被除名。

 

lead to    与 result in 相似强调会造成某种结果，但产生的结果并不一定是不好结果，

   也可能是好的结果，而且多用于描述客观的可能性和对未来的预测。使用比result in广泛。

 

   1）Such an armament race can only lead to one thing — war.

      这样的军备竞赛只会导致一件事 —— 战争。

   2）This condition can lead to other health issues such as diabetes, high blood

      pressure, heart attacks and strokes.

      这种情况可能导致其他的健康问题,如糖尿病、高血压、心脏病和中风。

   3）Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance

      dependence.

      反复使用一种物质也可以导致上瘾，也就是说对这种物质的产生依赖。

   4）A full-scale nuclear war could lead to the annihilation of the human race

      全面的核子战争能导致人类的灭绝

 

bring about 多指“带来”某种变化、好处等，或“导致”“造成”某种问题、不良结果

   等。

  

   1）The Internet has brought about many changes in our work, study and life.

      互联网已经给我们的工作、学习和生活带来了许多变化。

   2）Great importance should be attached to the problems bought about by the

      increase of juvenile delinquency.

      要重视因青少年犯罪增加而造成的问题。

   3）A mere trifle brought about a quarrel between the brothers.

      一点儿小事引起了兄弟间一场争吵

   4）Yoga is an exercise to bring about a state of calm.

      瑜珈是一种带给人身心宁静的运动。

   5）They claim that they have now found a new method that may bring about 

      innovative developments for cancer treatments.

      他们宣称他们发现了一种方法，可能将会使癌症治疗取得开创性进展。

 

contribute to  本意是“对……作贡献”，在不好的方面作贡献引申出“造成”，“导 

   致”的意思，相当于lead to 的用法。 用于好的方面则表示“促成”、“有助于”的意思。

 

   1）Cigarette smoking is believed to be a major factor contributing to lung

      cancer.

      吸烟被认为是导致肺癌的主要因素。

   2）The Canadians want the American government to join with Canada in limiting

      sulfur and nitrogen emissions, which contribute to acid precipitation.

      加拿大人希望美国政府能够与加拿大一起限制造成酸雨的硫和氮排放。

   3）Analysts say that the move will hit energy companies hard and contribute to

      an increase in electricity prices.

      分析家称这一行动会伤害能源公司利益,导致电价提高。

   4）This will ultimately contribute to the expansion of the gap between the

      poor and the rich.

      这将最终导致贫富分化的扩大。

 

   5）Proper rest and enough sleep contribute to longevity.

      适当的休息和足够的睡眠有益于长寿。

   6）There is no doubt that these measures will contribute to the solution of the

      problem.

      毫无疑问这些措施将会促成这个问题的解决。

 

give rise to 多见用于比较正式的表达，指“引发”、“ 引起”某种现象的出现。

 

   1）High intake of salt is believed to give rise to high blood pressure. 

      大量摄入盐被认为会引起高血压。

   2）The circumstances of his death gave rise to a suspicion of murder.

      他死亡时的情况消息引发了谋杀猜疑。

   3）Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.

      她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。

   4）The great increase in food prices gave rise to a lot of complaints.

      食品价格的猛涨引起了许多不满。

 

responsible for  本意是“对……负责”，引申出“是造成……的原因”。 result

   in、 lead to、contribute to、give rise to 强调的是“果”，而 responsible for 侧

   重强调的是“因”。

 

   1）The bad weather was responsible for the ill growth of crops in the region.

      恶劣的天气造成这一地区农作物生长不良。

   2）The sewage discharged from the chemical plant is believed to be responsible

     for the occurrence of the disease.

      据认为这家化工厂排出的污水是造成疾病发生的原因。

   3）Global warming was one of the many factors responsible for the worst

      flooding in decades.

      在这几个十年里，全球变暖是造成大洪水泛滥的诸多因素之一。

   4）Economic condition may be responsible for the creation of the social unrest.

      经济状况不佳可能是造成社会动乱的根源。

   

 

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