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省略替代与语序

(2012-07-18 10:23:16)
标签:

省略

替代

倒装

杂谈

分类: 各成分的位置

倒装(特殊语序之一)

(一)倒装的分类

英语的正常语序是主语 + 谓语,即主语在前,谓语在后。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调,就要采取倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语前称为完全倒装;只将助动词、情态动词或连系动词be等谓语的一部分放到主语之前,称为部分倒装。如:

On the wall hang two pictures.

Only in this way can we solve the problem.

(二)基本句式结构

1.疑问句一般用倒装语序。如:

Can you answer the question ?

其中反意疑问句前面陈述部分不倒装,后面附加部分倒装。特殊问句中,如果疑问词在句中作主语,或作主语的定语,就不倒装。另外,有时说话者表示一种揣测,期待对方作出肯定的答复,或表示惊异、怀疑等情绪时,也不倒装。如:

How many people attended the meeting ?

You live here ?

2.感叹句一般不倒装,但有时可采用疑问句形式。如:

Isn’t it beautiful!

3.以only修饰的副词、介词短语或从句作状语位于句首时开头时,采用部分倒装。如:

Only in this way can we solve the problem.

Only when the war ended was he able to return home.

Only不是修饰以上结构时,不用倒装。如:

Only his brother was right.

4.以副词so,  neither,  nor开头的句子表示也(不)……”时需倒装,so表示是的,确实时,主谓语不倒装。如:

If you don’t go there today,  neither will I.

John is from Britain,  so is Mary.

“Betty is a good girl!”“Yes,  so she is. ”

5.否定意义的副词或连词(seldomhardlylittlenever)放在句首时,应采用部分倒装。如:

Never will I forget the day when I did such a foolish thing.

Hardly had he finished the work when it began to rain.

6.几个否定词前的特殊句型

1)not only…but also…句型中前一个分句部分倒装,后一个分句不倒装。如:

Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer,  but he also gets the computer to translate this into sounds.

2Not until…句型中前面的从句不倒装,后面的主句应采用部分倒装。如:

Not until I came back did he leave for work.

Not until quite recently did I have any idea what it was like.

3No sooner…than…句型中后面的从句不倒装,前面主句应被用部分倒装。如:

No sooner had Black got home than the phone rang.

4Neither…nor…句型中的句子均需部分倒装。如:

Neither did I know this nor did I want to.

7So + 形容词/副词……that……句型中如果“so + 形容词/副词提到句首,则主句需部分倒装,从句不倒装。如:

So interested was he in the program that he didn’t notice his mother come in.

8.省略if的倒装句型。如果虚拟语气的条件状语从句中谓语有连系动词were,助动词had或情态动词should等,可省去if,把werehadshould移到主语之前。如:

Were I not engaged in my present work,  I would be quite Willing to do what you asked me to do.

Had they not been working so hard,  they wouldn’t have achieved so much.

Should anyone call,  tell him to wait for me.

9. oftennowhereat no timenot oncemany a time等词位于句首时,常用部分倒装。如:

Not once have I heard of this.

Many a time has he given us good advice.

10.某些表示祝愿的句子用部分倒装。如:

May you succeed!

11.以as引导的让步状语从句,其表语应提到句首,其余部分不变。如果从句的表语是个名词时,要把名词前的冠词去掉。

though引导的让步状语从句也可以用这种形式,但也可以用正常结构。如:

Child as/though he is,  he knows a lot.

12.当句首状语是表示方位或声色的词,谓语动词是comego等表示位置移动的动态动词,同时主语又是较长的名词词组时,常用完全倒装结构。这些词是herethereoutindownawayupahead等。

如果主语是代词就不倒装。如:

There comes the bus.

Out rushed the children.

Away flew the plane.

Bang!Bang!Bang!Came three reports of fire-crackers.

Here we are.

13.当句首为表示的地点的介词词组时,也常引起完全倒装。如:

In this chapter will be found the answers to those questions.

South of the river lies a small factory.

14.部分引述动词置于句首引起倒装。如:

“I have been very busy these days. ”said Howard.


省略(见语法小本)

(一)并列句中的省略

在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:

Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.

(二)简单句中的省略

1.省略主语

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:

(You) Be seated, please.

2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:

(I)Thank you for your help. (谢谢你的帮助。)

(It)Doesn’t matter. (没关系。)

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:

(There is) No smoking. (禁止吸烟。)

(Is there) Anything else ?(还有其他事吗?)

(You come) This way,  please. (请这边走)。

(Will you)Have a smoke ?(吸支烟?)

What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?(来一杯怎么样?)

Whydo younot say hello to him ?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)

3.省略宾语。如:

—Do you know Miss Gao ?(你认识高小姐吗?)

—I don’t knowher. (我不认识。)

—Which of them is the better choice ?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)

—Well,  it’s hard to tellit. (哟,这很难说。)

4.省略表语。如:

—Are you thirsty ?(你渴吗?)

—Yes,  I amthirsty. (是的,我渴。)

5.同时省略几个成分。如:

—Are you feeling better now ?(你觉得好些吗?)

I am feelingMuch betternow. (好多了。)

—Have you finished your work ?(你完成工作了吗?)

I haveNotfinished my workyet. (还没有。)

I wishGood luckto you)!(祝你顺利!)

6.其他一些省略结构

1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:

We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.

2whathow引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语itbe动词。如:

What a wonderful victoryit isfor Wilma!

How wonderfulit wasto be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.

3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to

代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraidexpectforgethopeintendlikelovemeanpreferrefuseseemtrywandwish等后边。如:

I asked him to see the film,  but he didn’t want to.

haveneedoughtbe going,,used等后。如:

I didn’t want to go there, but I had to.

在某些形容词gladhappypleaseddelighted等后,如:

—Will you join in the game ?

—I’d be glad to.

否定形式的省略用not to。如:

—Shall I go instead of him ?

—I prefer not to.

如果不定式中含有behavehave been,通常保留behavehave been。如:

—Are you a sailor ?

—No,  but I used to be.

—He hasn’t finished yet.

—Well,  he ought to have.

(三)复合句中的省略

1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词thatwhichwhom常可以省略;当先行词是timereasonplace时作状语的关系副词whenwhywhere也可以省去。如:

This is the first timewhenhe had trouble with the boss.

2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:

Tom was sad,  but I don’t know whyhe was sad.

3.状语从句中的省略现象

一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:

whenwhileasbeforeaftertilluntilonce等引导的时间状语从句;由ifunlesswhether等引导的条件状语从句;由thoughalthougheven ifwhatever等引导的让步状语从句,由asthan引导的让步状语从句;由asas ifas though 方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:

1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:

连词(as,  as if,  once) + 名词

Oncehe wasa teacher,  he now works in a government office.

连词(thoughwhetherwhen) + 形容词

Work hard whenyou areyoung,  or you’ll regret.

连词(whether,  as if,  while) + 介词短语

He looked everywhere as ifhe wasin search of something.

连词(whenwhilethough) + 现在分词

WhileI waswalking along the street, I heard my name called.

连词(whenifeven ifunlessonceuntilthanas + 过去分词

The exhibition is more interesting thanit wasexpected.

连词(as ifas though + 不定式

He opened his lips as ifhe wereto speak.

注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:

Her father told her to be careful whenshe wascrossing the street.

另:悬垂结构见语法小本现在分词作状语部分。

2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(ifunlesswhenwhenever) + 形容词的结构。如:

Unlessit isnecessary,  you’d better not refer to the dictionary.

另外,我们还可以用sonot代替上文内容,此时可有if + so/not省略句式。

Get up early tomorrow. If notyou don’t get up early),you will miss the first bus.

He may not be at home then,  if sohe is not at home),leave him a note.  


替代

(一)sonot作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作be afraidbelievebecomealldoexpectfearhopeimaginesayseespeaksupposethink等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhapsprobablyabsolutely等副词后。如:

She was not angry at first,  but became so=angryafter a while.

—Is he the best student in the class ?

—I think so=He is best student in the class.

—I think not=He is not the best student in the class.

(二)替代的应用

1So可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,  notice,  hear等,则只能放在句首。如:

I believesay,  think…so. =So I believesay,  think….

—He is absent today.

—So I seehear,  notice.

2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如:

误:I doubt so.

正:I doubt it.

3.在askknow之后也不用so。如:

误:Why do you ask so ?

正:Why do you ask that ?

4do so一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:

She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.

—Alice feels better today.

—I think she does.

—So she does.

但不可说:I think she does so.


特殊语序之宾语位置

强调宾语提句首(包括宾语从句);

This I hope you will keep in mind. 这一点我希望你记在心里。

We can’t afford it. That I know. 我们买不起,这一点我是知道的。

These two letters I’d like to send by ordinary mail, and this one by registered mail.

这两封寄平信,这一封寄挂号。

What I’m going to do next, I don’t know. 下一步怎么做我还不大清楚。

That she is a good girl I know. 她是个好姑娘我是知道的。

Whatever he does he does well. 他做什么事都很好。

宾语较长状提前;

Here I wish to extend to you our warmest welcome. 再此向你们表示最热忱的欢迎。

She announced at the meeting that she was going to resign.

他在会上宣布他准备辞职。

若有宾补长宾后;

亦可提前简化繁。

The found sitting on the bed a man dressed like a worker.

他们发现一个工人装束的男子坐在床上。

They found half hidden among the rocks a plant which they had never seen before.

他们发现一株从未见过的植物半隐半现在岩石中间。

Many people consider impossible what really is possible.

许多人把实际上可以做到的事认为不可能。


特殊语序之定语位置

后置定语见“特殊语序之后置定语”

定语与所修饰词分开,

情况1

All we have left is some cold meat.

我们只剩了一些冷肉。

Can you see who those people are standing at the gate.

你能看清楚站在大门口的那些人是谁吗?

情况2

一个名词有时有两个定语,其中一个与所修饰词分开。(亦可参考此处之定语排序

This is the book I bought about space flight.前定丛后介短

这是我买的一本关于太空飞行的书。

I saw something in the paper which might interest you.前介短后定丛

我在报上看到一些东西,你可能会感兴趣。

Is there anyone among you interested in going to the caves? 前介短后分短

你们中谁有兴趣去参观那些洞穴?

Have you got any novels by Tolstoy in English translation? 前介短后介短

你有没有托尔斯泰小说的英译本?

I couldn’t beat a boy who hadn’t got a relation in the world and whose father left him to me because he thought I would be kind to him. 前定丛后定丛

There was nothing, however tiresome that you asked him to do for you that he would not do with pleasure.前状从中定从后定丛)(名词化后,用从句表达句子含义)

你要是请他做一件事,不管有多么麻烦,他都非常乐于帮忙。

特殊语序之状语位置

参见张道真语序之状语位置

 

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