加载中…英语语法12——独立主格
(2012-08-17 16:08:29)
标签：
独立主格教育 |
分类： 英语语法 |
录音和笔记链接：http://home.putclub.com/space.php?uid=3128003&do=blog&id=316055
第一部分独立主格
一、概念
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式 上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二独立主格结构
1 名词/代词+形容词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
2 名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.
一、概念
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式 上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二独立主格结构
1 名词/代词+形容词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
2 名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.
3
名词/代词+过去分词
The job finished, we went home
More time given, we should have done the job much better
4 名词/代词+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
5 名词/代词+介词短语
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
The job finished, we went home
More time given, we should have done the job much better
4 名词/代词+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
5 名词/代词+介词短语
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
6名词/代词+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7 名词/代词+名词
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
8 with+名词+分词（或形容词、副词、不定式等）
He was asleep with his head on his arms
With John away , we have got more room
三、独立主格的作用
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7 名词/代词+名词
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
8 with+名词+分词（或形容词、副词、不定式等）
He was asleep with his head on his arms
With John away , we have got more room
三、独立主格的作用
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea
2表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
3表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.
4表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
5表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
四、独立主格的注意事项
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列三种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot
(3)当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”，being不可省略。
Food being cooked , I fell asleep。。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词：在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
第二部分------with的复合结构
一、定义
1它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。
二、With结构构成
1 with或without-名词/代词+形容词
例句：He is used to sleeping with the windows open.
2 with或without-名词/代词+副词
例句：She left the room with all the lights on.
一、定义
1它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。
二、With结构构成
1 with或without-名词/代词+形容词
例句：He is used to sleeping with the windows open.
2 with或without-名词/代词+副词
例句：She left the room with all the lights on.
3 with或without-名词/代词+介词短语
例句：He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand.
4 with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式
例句：With so much work to do, I have no time for a holiday.
5with或without-名词/代词 +分词
We found the house easily with the little boy leading the way.
With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.
6 with或without+名词/代词+补语
Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.
三、功用
with 复合结构，在句中表状态或说明背景情况 该结构常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。
With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops.
The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm.
The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.
With spring coming on, trees turn green.
with 复合结构，在句中表状态或说明背景情况 该结构常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。
With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops.
The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm.
The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.
With spring coming on, trees turn green.
1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
选B
2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.
A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come
选B
3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directly
A. to be B. is C. was D. being
选D
4. --- They sat still in the room, ___.
--- Why did they do like that?
A. drawing the curtains B. with the curtains drawn
C. with the curtains drawing D. having the curtains drawn
选D
5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.
A. has risen B. having risen C. has raised D. having raised
选B
6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.
A. has been launched B. having been launched
C. being launched D. to be launched
选D
7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.
A. comes out B. came out C. coming out D. to come out
选D
8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.
A. to disappoint B. to be disappointing
C. disappointing D. being disappointed
选C
9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
选 A、B纠结中……
10． John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .
A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished
选A
11 The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.
A. close, tremble B. closed, trembling
C. closing, trembling D. closed, trembled
选B
12 ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A. Because of B. With C. As for D. Besides
选B
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