【翻译】看日食、学术语~日全食、日偏食、日珥这些术语你知道吗？_沃领域翻译

Object's elevation from horizon, usually stated in degrees. It is one of the two coordinates in the horizontal coordinate system, the other being azimuth.
对象的仰角 (如天顶为 90 度)，单位通常为度。高度角是地平坐标系统的其中一个坐标；另一个为方位角。

Angular diameter

角直径

Diameter of an object quoted in angular measures. For instance, a "180-degree sea view" is one in which the angular diameter of the sea is 180 degrees or π radians. The Sun's and the Moon's angular diameters as seen from earth are both about 0.5 degrees.
天体的视直径，以角度形式表示。例如 "180 度海景" 指的就是海的角直径为 180 度 (或 π 弧度)。从地球上看，太阳和月球的角直径均约为 0.5 度。

Annular Eclipse

环食

An eclipse in which the shadow cone of the obscuring object is not large enough to fully cover the object being obscured. When used alone, annular eclipses usually refer to those of the Sun, as Earth's umbralshadow is always large enough to engulf the whole Moon during a lunar eclipse.
当掩盖物的影锥比较细小而不足以把被掩盖的天体完全遮盖时，环食便会发生。在日月食中，因为地球的影子比月球大得多，所以只会有日环食而没有月环食。

Annularity

环食阶段

The period when the Moon is fully inscribed in the Sun (during a solar eclipse).
为日食中月球影子完全在太阳圆盘里面的阶段 (太阳圆盘比月球影子大)。

Annular-total eclipse

全环食

See "Hybrid eclipse".
请参见 "Hybrid eclipse"。

Anomalistic month

近点月

The time between two passages at the perigee (of the Moon). Due to lunar precession, this time is longer than that if the perigee's position was fixed. An anomalistic month averages 27.55 days.
月球连续两次经过近地点所需的时间。由于月岁差的关系，这个时间比近地点不变的情况下所需之时间长。一个近点月平均有 27.55 日。

Antumbra

伪本影

The imaginary extension of the umbral cone beyond the location where light rays from the emitting source converge. Annular eclipse can be seen inside the antumbra.
为掩盖物的影锥 (光线汇集点外) 之延伸。在伪本影区可以看见环食。

Aphelion

远日点

The point in an orbit around the Sun that is farthest away from it. Earth's aphelion usually falls on July 3-7.
在环绕太阳的轨道里距离太阳最远的一点。地球通常于 7 月 3 至 7 日距离太阳最远。

Apogee

远地点

The point in an orbit around the Earth that is farthest away from it.
在环绕地球的轨道里距离地球最远的一点。

Ascending node

升交点

Usually used to denote the point reached when an object is moving north and crossing the plane of reference. An example is the point reached when the Moon is moving north and crossing the ecliptic.
一个天体在轨道上向北 (上方) 移动并经过一个参考平面时，其相交点就是升交点。例子为月球向北移并经过黄道平面时的那一点。

Azimuth

方位角

The compass direction (true bearing) of an object in the sky, measured from the north. It is one of the two coordinates in the horizontal coordinate system, the other being altitude.
由北起顺时针的角度，用来表示天体的位置。方位角是地平坐标系统的其中一个坐标；另一个为高度角。

Baily's beads

倍里珠

An effect occurring just before second contact or just after third contact of a total solar eclipse, when the Moon's irregular surface makes sunlight appear as beads at certain parts of the disk.
日全食中第二次接触前或第三次接触后发生的现象。当月球凹凸不平的表面几乎完全覆盖太阳时，部份太阳光会被月球凸出的地方分割开，看起来就像一颗颗圆珠般，是为倍里珠。

Central eclipse

中心食

A central solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's shadow axis touches Earth; a central lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth's shadow axis touches the Moon. Whenever a solar eclipse is central, there always exists places on Earth that can observe totality/annularity. A central lunar eclipse is necessarily a total eclipse of the Moon.
当月球的影轴于日食过程中经过地球时，该次日食便为中心食；月食方面，当地球的影轴于月食过程中经过月球时，该次的食就称为中心食。中心日食的类型必为环食、全食或全环食；而中心月食的类型必为月全食。

Chromosphere

色球层

A layer of the Sun which is above the photosphere, and it appears red in colour. It is in fact hotter than the photosphere.
在太阳光球外面的一层，呈红色。值得留意的是色球层可以比光球热得多。

Corona

日冕

Atmosphere of the Sun and is extremely hot (1 million degrees C/K). Since it is much dimmer than the photosphere, it was only visible during a total solar eclipse before the invention of coronagraph.
太阳的大气层，气温高达一百万摄氏度。由于日冕比光球暗，在日冕仪发明前人们只能在日全食期间看到日冕。

Coronagraph

日冕仪

An instrument that can block out the intense light from a star so that adjacent structures are revealed. It is mostly used to block out sunlight from the photosphere to reveal the corona.
利用 "人造日全食" ，让观测者看到平时被光球的光芒覆盖的日冕。

Danjon scale

Danjon等级

A scale proposed by Andre-Louis Danjon and is used to determine the colour and luminosity of the eclipsed Moon. The value ranges from 0 to 4 with 0 being a very dark eclipse and 4 a very bright orange or copper-red Moon.
Danjon 等级是用来评定月球在月全食时的外观。等级由 0 至 4；0 代表非常暗的月食 (月球几乎看不见)，而 4 则代表月球在全食时呈鲜亮橙或铜红色。

Delta-T (ΔT)

ΔT

Time difference as given by [Terrestrial Time (theoretical, uniform scale)] minus [Universal Time (based on Earth's rotation)]. Since Earth's rotation speed is slowly declining, the value of ΔT is increasing with time (for the present era).
地球时 [均匀时间标准] 减去国际标准时 [随地球自转速度变更] 的时间差。由于地球的自转速度逐渐变慢，现在 ΔT 的数值是随时间上升的。

Descending node

降交点

Usually used to denote the point reached when an object is moving south and crossing the plane of reference. An example is the point reached when the Moon is moving south and crossing the ecliptic.
一个天体在轨道上向南 (下方) 移动并经过一个参考平面时，其相交点就是降交点。例子为月球向南移并经过黄道平面时的那一点。

Diamond ring effect

钻石环效应

Occurs during a total solar eclipse when only one baily's bead remains, or in practice, when a patch of sunlight can be seen at one side of the disk, resembling a diamond ring (this usually happens before baily's beads appear before totality or after baily's beads are formed after the end of totality).
通常于日全食前倍里珠出现末段和日全食后倍里珠出现前段发生。当只有一粒倍里珠在太阳圆盘时 (实务上为光束只在太阳一面可见时)，该圆盘看上去就像环里突出一粒钻石般，因而得名。

Draconic month

交点月

The time between two passages at the ascending node (of the Moon). It averages 27.21 days and is also called nodical month.
月球连续两次经过升交点所需的时间。一个交点月平均有 27.21 日。

Ecliptic

黄道

The plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. As seen from Earth, it is also a path that the Sun traces out in a year.
地球围绕太阳公转的平面。从地球上看，黄道亦是太阳一年里在空中的轨迹。

First contact

第一次接触

Normally used in solar eclipse, denoting the instant when the Moon starts to obscure the Sun.
通常于日食时使用，指太阳开始被月球食去的一刻。

Fourth contact

第四次接触

Normally used in solar eclipse, denoting the instant when the Moon fully leaves the Sun's disk.
通常于日食时使用，指太阳不再被月球食去的一刻。

Gamma

伽马数

The gamma of a solar (lunar) eclipse is the minimum distance, in terms of Earth radius, between the Moon's (Earth's) shadow axis and the centre of Earth (Moon) during the eclipse
为日(月)食中月(地)球影轴距离地(月)心的最短距离 (单位为地球半径)。

Greatest eclipse

食甚 / 最大食

In solar eclipses, greatest eclipse occurs when the Moon's shadow axis is closest to the Earth's centre. When this happens, the point of Earth's surface where the Moon's shadow axis makes contact with is marked on eclipse maps as "the point of greatest eclipse". In lunar eclipses, greatest eclipse occurs when the Earth's shadow axis is closest to the Moon's centre.
在日食中，最大食出现在月球影轴距离地心最近的一剎那。最大食地点就是该刻影轴接触地球表面的那一点。在月食中，最大食出现在地球影轴距离月心最近的一剎那。

Hybrid Eclipse

全环食

A (solar) eclipse which has both annular and total phases. This may occur when the Moon's angular diameteris about the same as that of the Sun as seen on Earth, where Earth's own curvature might allow Moon's umbra to touch the surface occasionally during the course of the eclipse. Also called "annular-total eclipse".
拥有环食和全食阶段的(日)食。当日/月球的角直径比例非常接近一的时候，地球表面的弧度可能会容许月球本影于日食中段擦过地面，从而令某些地方看到全食。

Latitude

纬度

For any point on Earth, the latitude is its angular distance south or north from the equator, usually quoted in degrees. The other related coordinate is longitude.
纬度为地球上某一点距离赤道的角度 (赤道以南或以北)。相关坐标为经度。

Longitude

经度

For any point on Earth, the longitude is the angular distance east or west from an arbitrarily defined meridian, usually quoted in degrees. The Greenwich meridian was adopted in 1884 by the International Meridian Conference as the line with zero degrees of longitude. The other related coordinate is latitude.
经度为地球上某一点距离子午线的角度 (子午线以东或以西)。国际本初子午线大会于 1884 年把横过英国格林尼治天文台的一条经线定为参考线，在该在线经度为零。相关坐标为纬度。

Lunar Eclipse

月食

It occurs when the Earth is exactly between the Sun and the Moon, so that sunlight to the Moon is blocked.
当地球在太阳和月球中间，阻挡太阳射去月球的光线时，月食便会发生。

Magnitude

食分

In solar eclipses, the magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's diameter obscured by the Moon. For lunar eclipses, the magnitude is the fraction of the Moon's diameter covered by the Earth's shadow (umbralmagnitude or penumbral magnitude, depending on the type of shadow we are referring to). Magnitude is not to be confused with obscuration, which measures the fraction of area covered.
日食食分为太阳被月球掩盖的直径百份比，而月食食分则为月球被地球影子掩盖的直径百份比 (如用地球的本影作参考，是为 "本影食分"；如用地球的半影作参考，则为 "半影食分")。食分和掩盖面积比的定义并不相同。

Nodical month

交点月

See "Draconic month".
请参见 "Draconic month"。

Non-central eclipse

非中心食

A non-central solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's shadow axis does not hit Earth, but part of its shadow is cast on Earth; A non-central lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon does not touch Earth's shadow axis at all during the whole eclipse. Partial solar eclipses must be non-central, but non-central solar eclipses are not necessarily partial. A non-central lunar eclipse can be partial, total or penumbral. (In some definitions, since partial and penumbral eclipses must be non-central, centrality is only defined for total eclipses.)
当月球的半 / 本影扫过地球，但影轴并未经过地球表面时，日食仍会发生，称为 "非中心食"。在月食中，如月球在整个过程中并未触及地球影轴，该次月食便为非中心食。日偏食必为非中心食，但在极少数情况下非中心日食可以是全食或环食的。非中心月食可以是月偏食、月全食或半影月食。(在部分定义中，由于月偏食和半影月食必为非中心食，它们只会于月全食中再细分中心食或非中心食)

Obscuration

掩盖面积比

In solar (lunar) eclipses, the obscuration is the fraction of the Sun's (Moon's) area covered by the Moon (Earth's shadow). Obscuration is not to be confused with magnitude, which measures the fraction of diameter covered.
在日 (月) 食中，掩盖面积比为太阳 (月球) 被月球 (地影) 遮盖的面积比例。掩盖面积比和食分的定义并不相同。

Partial Eclipse

偏食

An eclipse in which the obscured object is only partly eclipsed by the obscuring object. Partial solar eclipsesoccur when the Moon's penumbra touches Earth; partial lunar eclipses occur when the only part of the Moon passes through Earth's umbra.
当掩盖物只把被掩盖的天体部份遮蔽时，偏食便会发生。地球上被月球半影扫过的地方可见日偏食，而当只有部份月球进入地球本影时，月偏食便会发生。

Penumbra

半影

The part of a shadow where only some, but not all, light rays from the emitting source are blocked.
影锥中未能完全遮蔽被掩盖对象的部份，是为半影。

Penumbral Eclipse

半影(月)食

An eclipse in which the object being obscured only passes through the penumbra of the obscuring object. Usually referred to eclipses of the Moon, in which the moon will only be dimmer but not eclipsed ("eaten away") as seen on Earth.
当被掩盖的天体只经过掩盖物的半影时，半影食便会发生。半影食通常用来形容月食，其球体只能被地球半影而非本影覆盖。

Perigee

近地点

The point in an orbit around the Earth that is closest to it.
在环绕地球的轨道里距离地球最近的一点。

Perihelion

近日点

The point in an orbit around the Sun that is closest to it. Earth's perihelion usually falls on January 2-5.
在环绕太阳的轨道里距离太阳最近的一点。地球通常于 1 月 2 至 5 日距离太阳最近。

Photosphere

光球

The part of a star where light radiates outwards (and perceived by us).
光球为恒星的可见光向外辐射的一层。

Precession

岁差

Movement (rotation) of the axis of a rotating object. In particular, precession of the equinoxes is the change in the orientation of Earth's axis which resembles a wobbling top, a complete cycle of which takes approximately 25,800 years.
岁差是指旋转对象的自转轴移动或绕另一转轴旋转的现象。其中 "分点岁差" 是指地球的自转轴所发生的岁差现象 (地球进行一个完整的岁差圈需要约 25,800 年的时间)。

Prominence

日珥

Gaseous formation extending beyond the Sun's surface, usually forming a loop.
由太阳色球层向外喷出的气体，有时会以圈状展示。

Saros

沙罗周期

A period of 18 years 11 days and 8 hours (6585.3 days) that a solar or lunar eclipse with similar characteristics will recur. In the case of solar eclipses, the shape of the path may be nearly identical but is shifted west because of the extra 8 hours. It is approximately the LCM (lowest common multiple) of the synodic period (29.53 days), draconic period (27.21 days), and the anomalistic period (27.55 days) of the Moon.
沙罗周期为 18 年 11 日又 8 小时 (6585.3 日) 的周期。发生于一个沙罗周期后的日月食通常会拥有与之前一次相似的特征。相隔一个沙罗周期的日食通常会有差不多的全/环食轨迹，但由于沙罗周期并不是整数日，该轨迹将向西移约三分之一个地球的距离。沙罗周期日数约为朔望月周期 (29.53 日)、交点月周期 (27.21 日) 和近点月周期 (27.55 日) 的最小公倍数。

Second contact

第二次接触

Normally used in solar eclipse, denoting the instant when totality or annularity starts.
通常于日食时使用，指环食或全食开始的一刻。

Shadow bands

日影条

About one minute before/after totality (solar eclipse), alternate dark and light stripes of light may move quickly across light-coloured surfaces. They are called shadow bands and are caused by the illumination from the very narrow crescent of the Sun. The mechanism is the same as that causing stars to twinkle, just that in normal circumstances the Sun is too large and bright to twinkle in the sky.
日全食前后约一分钟，日食地点浅色的平面或会看到深浅相间的光条快速移动，它们便是日影条，由几乎被完全食去的太阳所造成。日影条的形成跟晚间星光闪烁的原理相同，只不过于大多数时间太阳非常大而光亮而不致闪烁而已。

Solar Eclipse

日食

This is technically "obscuration of the Sun", in which the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth where people on Earth see a Sun that is "eaten away" by the Moon. Solar eclipses can be partial, annular, total or hybrid.
当月球在太阳和地球中间，阻挡太阳射去地球的光线时，日食便会发生。在地球上某地方的人可以看见太阳被食去。日食可分为日偏食、日环食、日全食或日全环食。

Synodic month

朔望月

The time taken for the moon to reappear at the same ecliptic longitude of the Sun as seen from Earth, which averages 29.53 days. Synodic period is related to the phase of the moon, and two new moons are separated by this same amount of time.
月球连续两次到达与太阳相同黄经的时间。一个朔望月平均有 29.53 日。朔望周期跟月相有密切的关系，亦为连续两次新月的时间间隔。

Third contact

第三次接触

Normally used in solar eclipse, denoting the instant when totality or annularity ends.
通常于日食时使用，指环食或全食刚完结的一刻。

Total Eclipse

全食

An eclipse in which an object is totally obscured. Total solar eclipses occur when the Moon's umbra touches Earth; total lunar eclipses occur when the Moon fully enters Earth's umbra.
当掩盖物把被掩盖的天体完全遮蔽时，全食便会发生。地球上被月球本影扫过的地方可见日全食，而当整个月球进入地球本影时，月全食便会发生。

Totality

全食阶段

The period when the Sun or Moon is totally obscured.
为月球完全覆盖太阳圆盘，或地球本影完全覆盖月球的阶段。

Umbra

本影

The part of a shadow where all light rays from the emitting source are blocked.
影锥中完全遮蔽被掩盖对象的部份，是为本影。

UTC

世界协调时

Coordinated Universal Time. Time standard based on the International Atomic Time. In everyday language UTC can be interchanged with GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) (but not in technical context as GMT has ambiguous meanings).
世界协调时是基于国际原子时的标准。日常用语中世界协调时跟格林尼治标准时间相同 (但于技术性层面上，格林尼治标准时间的定义并不清晰)。

以上内容不代表机构观点，内容仅供学习。

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