新课程下如何做好初中英语语法复习的几点思考
(2013-07-13 17:42:36)分类: 教育教学论文 |
新课程下如何做好初中英语语法复习的几点思考
晋江市深沪中学
在笔者近十六年的教学实践中,有九年从事初三毕业班英语教学工作,笔者一直在思考和探究初三毕业班的复习方法,特别是语法的教学策略和技巧,虽然这几年中考淡化了对语法考查,很难找到纯语法的题,并且《英语课程标准》(实验稿)说:“此次英语课程标准改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授……”,于是我们一些老师不由自主地进入了一个误区,重听说,轻语法,重口头,轻笔头,结果学生的造句和作文错误层出不穷,对阅读理解篇章里一些复杂的句子也很难弄懂。著名英语教育专家薄冰曾说:“如果我是一个初学英语的青年,我将尽量结合英语实践(读、听、写、说)先把语法学好。就像查词典一样,我将经常查阅语法书。等我把基本语法掌握后,我将展开大量的英语实践,在实践中通过思考与总结解决疑难问题。”笔者认为:尽管同学们用了两年半的时间学习英语,已经积累了一定的词汇,掌握了较多的句型结构,听、说、读和写能力也有了一定的提高,语法知识也有了一定的增长,但是总体上来看英语语法知识较为凌乱,缺乏系统性,特别是对于我们母语里所没有的语法概念更是模糊不清:例如不定式做宾语补足语,倒装句的构成与使用,定语从句的结构与使用等,所以进入初三年总复习时,我们要把帮助同学们掌握所学的词法和句法作为我们的复习的一个的重点,具体来说就是十种词类和复合句:宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句等,还有不定式、现在分词和动名词等非谓语动词,以及主谓一致、倒装句等语法知识进行归纳和总结,建立完整的系统的语法知识体系,基本目标是在同学们强化训练知识点的基础上,全面提高他们的应试能力和技巧,争取走一条“抓重点,攻难点,建网络,促能力”的复习路子。下面就一些重难点语法知识的复习做简单介绍。
一、狠抓知识结构
复习课不同于讲授新课,需要对教材内容进行系统整合和梳理,形成完整的知识结构和网络,以促进基础知识的再现与巩固,进而实现知识的突破和提高,复习的目标争取实现三高:即高容量,高密度,高效率。
1、 抓基础知识再现,复习的主阵地是课堂,复习课教学应着眼于让学生全面系统地掌握基本知识,基本技能和基本方法,力求把知识点问题化,关键问题明了化,并且借助于检查,提问与点评,同时结合诊断性训练,然后扣准要点扼要归纳,理清知识点。例如,在复习动词不定式作宾语补足语时,告诉学生:
(1)ask ,get ,like ,know ,order, teach, tell, want, wish等动词只能用带to的不定式作宾语补语。
例如:①The doctor often tells him _____ more exercise.
A to
take
②I would like you ________ with me.
A.go
shopping
③I must ask him _________ smoking.
A. give
up
(2)使役动词have ,let ,make 及在感官动词hear, listen to ,look, see, watch, notice, feel 后等只能接不带to 的不定式作宾补,(口诀:不定式做宾补,下列动词省略to; “四看”、“二听”、“一感觉”,have, let与make, help后面较灵活,省与不省须琢磨,不然句子就做错。)但变为被动语态后,这个不定式就要带to。
例如:①Uncle Wang can make his kite ______ higher in the sky .
A. to fly
改成被动语态:His kite can be made to fly higher in the sky .
②I saw you _______ basketball almost every day during the summer holidays.
改成被动语态:You were seen to play basketball almost every day during the summer holiday (by me).
A.
playing
③The young man was often seen ______ by the lake .
A. to
drawing
(3)感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式,也可跟v-ing作宾补,但前者表示动作的全过程已结束,后者表示动作正在进行。
例如:①Do you often hear John _____ in his room?
Listen! Now we can hear him _____ in his room.
A. sing; to
sing
2、抓知识网络构建。在复习时必须打破章节顺序,将基础知识进行综合比较,总结概括,化零为整,同时把知识点连成知识线,知识线织成知识网,进而形成简明精当的知识结构,如在复习特殊疑问句时,可以建立下面的知识网。
特殊疑问句要过三关:
第一关:疑问词关,熟练掌握初中阶段出现的疑问代词(词组)和疑问副词(词组):what, why, who, which, when, where, how, how long, how often, how old, how many, how much, how soon, what class, what number, what time ,what grade等等
第二关:语序关,要使用倒装语序。例如:①Where are you from? ②When are you leaving for Japan? ③How old are you?④ What class are you in? (注:疑问代词作主语是例外:Who came here yesterday?)
第三关:回答关,根据所问内容直接回答,但是问句中的名词常用代词代替。this和that常用it来代替。these和those常用they来代替。例如:①What are you doing? I am watching TV.
②What is your telephone
number?
3、利用图表和多媒体课件生动直观地再现语法知识点。在同学们学完五种重要时态后,笔者用表格从语法意义、基本结构、时间标志和典型例句等四个方面进行比较,同时精选一些配套练习题,进行强化训练。
项目 时态 |
语法意义 |
基本结构 |
时间标志 |
典型例句 |
一般现在时 |
⑴表示现在经常发生的动作或者存在的状态。 ⑵表示主语具备的性格和能力。 ⑶表示客观真理。 |
动词用原形,第三人称单数后面,动词要发生一些变化。 |
always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, never, seldom |
①Bill is always late for school. ②I drink milk every day. ③He speaks English. ④The earth goes around the sun. |
一般过去时 |
表示过去发生的动作和存在的状态 |
动词用过去式 |
just now, yesterday, last week, two days ago |
①The telephone rang just now. ②He was ill yesterday. |
一般将来时 |
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 |
①will(shall) +动词原形 ②be going to +动词原形 ③be +leaving (come, go, fly, start , arrive …) |
tomorrow, next month, in two day, a week later |
①I will go fishing tomorrow. ②They are going to play soccer next week. ③He is leaving for Japan a week later. |
现在进行时 |
表示现在正在发生的动作 |
be +现在分词 |
now, at present ,at this moment listen, look, It is seven o’clock. |
①We are learning English now. ②They are playing computer games. ③Look1He is running. |
现在完成时 |
⑴表示过去发生的事,但与现在的情况有关系, ⑵过去发生的事,一直持续现在,并且还会持续到将来。 |
have(has)+过去分词 |
already, yet, ever, never, just, since last winter, for several years, in the past few years, |
①We have learnt many new words this term. ②She has worked with us for half a month. |
①. __________
②. He
③. Don’t speak loudly . The baby ________ (sleep). (答案是:is sleeping)
④. Who ________ (teach) them English last term. (答案是:taught)
⑤. My mother ________ (work) at this school since it ________ (open) (答案是:has worked; opened)
⑥We _________ (have ) a basketball game against Class Three this Sunday.( (答案是:are going to have; will have)
4、抓知识拓展深化。从知识结构的若干知识点中提炼出考点,选取其中的重点,抽取难点,找准疑点,化大为小,力求横向宽到边,纵向深到底,并借助于归类与比较,抽象与概括,综合与分析,归纳与演绎等多种思维的基本方法,综合探究,集中突围。如在复习定语从句中关系代词只能用that 而不能用which的情况列出来,让学生一目了然。
(1)当先行词是all, none,something, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时。
例如:①I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.
②All that can be done has been done.
(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级以及much, some, any ,little, few, no等修饰时。
例如:①There was little that I can do for you.
②This is the best film that I have seen.
(3)当先行词被 the very, the only, the same, the one ,the last修饰时。
例如:①It is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
(4)先行词是两个或多个分别表示人和物的名词时。
例如:①The writer and his novel that you have talked about are really well known.
②Maria took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.
(5)当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作表语时。
例如:①China is not the country that it was .
(6)当主语以 who或者which开头时,定语从句的引导词用that 而不用which或who,避免重复。例如:
①Who is the man that is standing there?
②Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
二、抓能力训练
在熟练掌握基础知识的同时,还要注意培养学生的能力,关于能力的培养有多种途径,特别是通过强化训练来培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。
1、抓典型例题解析。针对考点精选例题,在解析时,一定要引导学生仔细审题,认真分析,并且点拔思路和方法,强调规范与技巧,还要注意一题多解,一题多变,借题发挥,拓展发散,最后通过示范引路,努力构建解题的思维模式。如在复习不定式作定语时,常与修饰的名词存在动宾关系,若这个不定式是不及物动词,其后应加上适当的介词。
例如:①He has no paper______.
A to write
②I want to have a seat _________ .
A. to
sit
2、抓针对性训练和变式训练。一个例题最好跟踪一、二个练习题,严格控制训练时间,提高做题速度,还要不断巡回指导,查看练情,获取训练信息,及时反馈矫正,达到练习一个,点评一个,落实一个,决不留下任何缺漏。
例如:辨析so do I, so I
do
⑴“so do I”是倒装句结构,该句型为“so + 系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”。表示前面所说的情况也适合后面的人或物,意思为“也是这样,也是如此”。这个句型一般出现在对话的第二句,此句型号中的动词种类应与上一句相同,主语一般为代词或名词,动词的单,复数形式根据主语决定。
例如:①-Lucy studies hard.
-So does lily.
②- I really hate to go shopping.
-So do I .
⑵“so I do”结构为“so+主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词”。这个句型也一般出现在对话的第二句,即对前面或对方所说的情况的赞同或证实,语气较强。主语一般为代词,代指上面的人或物,动词的类别与上一句一致,复习形式根据主语决定。
例如:①-It is very hot today.
-So it is.
②-What’s more, the population in developing countries is growing faster.
-So it is.
⑶ “I do so” 结构为主语+动词+so。其中do替代替句中的动词和宾语部分,即表示某人就这样做了,该句型可以有否定形式。
例如:①-The teacher told us to clean the classroom.老师告诉我们打扫教室。
-We did so.我们就按老师所说的做了。
②I asked Li Ping to lend his bike to me, but he didn't do so.
我让李平借给我他的自行车,但是他没有这样做。
通过对典型例题解析过程的演示和跟踪训练的强化,就可以总结出解题的一般规律,最大限度的培养学生的审题能力,举一反三能力,灵活应变能力,以促进知识的应用与迁移,认知的深化与提高,最终实现学生能力的升华。
三、学中用,用中学。本着学以致用的原则,在教学中应注意加强写作能力的培养。为避免一味枯燥的讲解和机械的练习,通过鼓励学生缩写课文,结合生活实际模仿课文进行写作等形式不失为一种提高学生的语法运用能力的好方法。在我批改学生作文之前,我先让他们自己的修改,然后同学间互相修改,以此提高学生的语用能力。
在学完九年级Unit3 Topic 3 Section C and Section D 之后,我要求学生根据这缩写这两个Sections,并结合自己学英语的体验写一篇作文:How to learn English better,一位同学的作文较为突出:English is very useful and important to us. So I will try my best to learn English well. However, what should I do? In my opinion, listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating, these all should improve (应为these skills should be improved.)
Watching English programs on TV and listening to English songs often can improve my listening. Joining the English club at school will help me to speak well. And reading lots of English magazines is good at reading (应为:reading lots of English magazines is a good way to improve your reading skill) . In order to practice my writing. I keep a diary, Master the grammar and remember lots of words, that (非限制性定语从句,应为which,)can help you translating.
Last but not least. I think I should do more practice. Because “practice makes perfect.”当然学生在提高自己的写作能力的同时,难免会犯一些错误,主要是一些语法方面的错误,但是经过自己的查错纠错,老师的分析和讲解,学生就会少犯或者不再犯类似的语法错误。