V-ing作表语和定语

1．V-ing作表语，一是它的名词特征（传统语法称之为动名词），说明、解释主语的内容，其位置可与主语互换；一是它的形容词特征（传统语法称之为现在分词），表示主语的性质或状态，可被副词修饰，亦有比较等级的变化。例如：

My favorite sport is playing football. 我最喜欢的运动是踢足球。

可以说成Playing football is my favorite sport.

His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的业余爱好是集邮。

可以说成 Collecting stamps is his hobby.

The flowers in the garden is quite inviting. 花园里的花非常诱人。inviting被quite修饰。

I enjoyed my visit to Qingdao thoroughly. It was far more interesting than I had expected. 这次青岛之行我快乐极了，比我原来想象得有趣的多。more interesting为比较级形式，前加程度副词修饰。

2．V-ing做定语，修饰名词。一是说明名词的用途；二是表示进行的动作。例如：

a sleeping car ( = a car which is used for sleeping ) 卧车车厢

a sleeping baby ( = a baby who is sleeping ) 熟睡的婴儿

a waiting room ( = a room which is used for waiting for trains, buses ,ect.) 候车室

a waiting car ( = a car which is waiting for somebody ) 等人的汽车

3. V-ing与所修饰的名词在逻辑上若有主谓关系，表示进行的动作（传统语法称为现在分词作定语），若与修饰的词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，则表示名词的用途（传统语法称为动名词作定语）。例如：

a flying suit /= a suit that can fly, 表用途，“飞行衣” 。

a flying fish = a fish that can fly 表动作 “飞鱼” 。

V-ing作宾语补足语

1．V-ing作宾语补足语用于以下几种情况：

1) 在感觉动词see. look at, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, hear, listen to, feel, smell 后。例如：

I caught two men trying to break into the office. 我瞧见两个人想闯入我的办公室。

As she spoke, she observed everybody looking at him curiously. 她讲话时，注意到大家都在好奇地看着她。

Can you smell something burning ? 你闻到什么东西烧糊了吗？

2) 在使役动词have, keep, leave, get, set, send 后。例如：

I’m sorry I kept you waiting for so long. I got caught in the traffic. 对不起，让你久等了。刚才赶上堵车。

I was very difficult to get the car going on such a cold weather. 这么冷的天气，发动汽车很困难。

Mary had to go to a meeting, so she left the children playing at home. 玛丽不得不去参加会议，因此她让孩子们在家里玩。

3) 在动词regard, describe, accept, think of后，由as引出V-ing形式作宾语补足语。

例如：

Both Chinese and English speakers regard these gestures as having the same meaning. 中国人以及讲英语的人都认为这些手势语有同样的意思。

V-

ing 形式不能用在使役动词make, let 后作宾语补足语。have表示“允许”时，常用于否定结构。例如：I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that. 不许你那样对你母亲说话。

2．感觉动词后用V-ing作宾语补足语，表进行的动作，即动作的一部分；用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，表已完成的动作，即动作的全过程。 例如：

We heard him singing in the next room. 我们听到他在隔壁唱歌。（进行的动作）

We heard him sing the song many times. 这支歌我们听他唱过好多次了。（表已完成的动作）

三．V-ing作状语

V-ing在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、行为方式和伴随情况。

1．V-ing作时间状语，其动作与主句谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或先于谓语动词的动作。

Hearing the good news, they jumped with joy. 听到这个好消息，他们高兴地跳起来。

Having taught the new words, the teacher went on to explain the text. 老师教完生词后，接着讲课文。

V-ing前可带连词when, while, whenever，强调前后动作的同时性。例如：

When taking medicine, follow the direction on the bottle carefully. 服药时，严格按照药瓶上的说明。

2．V-ing作原因状语，前不带连词。

Living far away from school, he was often late. 由于家离学校远，他经常迟到。

Having lived in the country for years, he knew how to plant vegetables. 在乡下生活多年，他知道怎样种菜。

下列几种情况下，V-ing短语一般为原因状语。

1)由系动词be及某些连系动词组成的V-ing短语。

Being kind and knowledgeable, the new teacher soon became popular among the students. 由于待人热情，知识丰富，这位新老师很快受到学生们的欢迎。

2）V-ing的否定形式。

Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn’t get in touch with him.由于我不知道他的电话号码，无法与他取得联系。

Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 由于未收到回信，他决定再写封信。

3) 含有“了解、意识到、忘记”等表心理状态的动词组成的V-ing短语。

Knowing English well, he translated the article without much difficulty.

他精通英语，因此毫不费力地翻译了那篇文章。

Thinking that there would be a traffic jam, I started earlier than usual.

想到会出现交通堵塞，因此我比往常动身早。

3．V-ing作状语，表行为方式和伴随情况时，其动作往往与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生，相当于一个并列结构。

They stood there for an hour watching the game. (and watched the game)

他们站在那儿看比赛。

The children rushed out of the classroom, laughing and talking merrily.( and laughed and talked merrily) 孩子们又说又笑地冲出教室。

4．V-ing作结果状语时，往

往表示自然产生的结果；而不定式与only连用，则表示意料不到的结果。