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Frank

Test1第一篇Johnson’s dictionary

推荐书目: Anniversary Essays on Johnson's Dictionary [平装] [塞缪尔·约翰逊词典出版250周年论文集]

For the century before Johnson‘s dictionary was published in 1775,

There had been concern about the state of the English language .there was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling . Dr Johnson provided the solution .

在约翰逊的词典在1775年出版以前， 有人担心英语语言的状态。没有说和写的标准和协议关于最好的方法带来一些规则给混乱的英语拼写。约翰逊提供了解决方案。

  There had ,of course ,been dictionaries in the past ,the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages , compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray ,published in 1604 under the title‘ a table Alphabeticall ’of hard usuall English words’ like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century. Cawdray‘s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words ；one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning . beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos ,the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were an anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer – lexical as well as social and commercial .it is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson ,the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.

有,当然,字典在过去,第一个是一些120页的小书,罗伯特•Cawdray一定编制的1604年出版的 a table Alphabeticall下usuall英语单词“像之前的各种词典在17世纪。Cawdray往往专注于“学术”的话语,一个字典的功能是使学生能够传达的印象很好学习。超出了实际需要秩序的混乱,字典的崛起与英国中产阶级的崛起,是一个焦虑的定义和限制各种世界征服——词汇以及社会和商业。高度适当,塞缪尔·约翰逊博士的模型一个十八世纪的文学的人, 在他自己那个年代已经像我们这个年代一样出名了，他在中产阶级的鼎盛时期的开头就应该出版他的字典。

  Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius , his approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical .

约翰逊是一位具有可以提升普通常识到天才高度的诗人和批判家，他对在在17世纪晚期和18世纪早期困扰作家的问题的方法是非常实用的。

Up until his time , the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage.

直到这个时代，生产字典的任务在一个很大的范围已经似乎是不可能的,没有建立一个学会去做决定关于对与错的使用。

Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language ; he would write a dictionary himself ; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the golden anchor inn near Holbon bar on 18 June 1764 , he was to be paid €1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gought square ,in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop‘

约翰逊决定他不需要一所学会来解决关于语言的争论;他将写一本字典通过他自己,他将单独地做这件事。约翰逊签署合同与书商罗伯特Dosley字典早餐Holbon酒吧附近的黄金锚酒店举行1764年6月18日,他将被付1,575欧元的分期支付,从他用来钱来租17 Gought广场的钱,在那里他建立了他的“字典研讨会”

  James Boswell, his biographers, described the garret where Johnson worked as fitted up like a counting house with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.

博斯韦尔詹姆斯,他的传记作者,描述了约翰逊工作的阁楼担任安装像一个帐房长桌子上运行中间的复制职员站着工作的。

Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an old crazy deal table surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation .

约翰逊本人是安置在一个摇摇晃晃的椅子在一个旧的疯狂交易表包围的混乱借来的书。他被他的六个助手所帮助,当其中两人死亡的时候，字典还在出当中。

  The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks( and without a library to hand)，Jonson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations. Drawn from English writing on every subject, from Elizabethans to his own time .

工作量是巨大的,填了大约八十大笔记本(没有图书馆去帮助),约翰写了超过40000字的定义,说明了他们的许多意思大约有114000索引。取材来自英语写作的每一个主题,从伊丽莎白到他自己的时间。

 He did not expert to achieve complete originality .working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis .

他没有熟练的去实现完整的创造。他工作到他死为止,他必须用所有以前最后的字典去合成他的字典。

In fact, it was very much more .unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language , with many different shades of meaning .he adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law-according to precedent. After its publication ,his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.

事实上,它非常多。不像他的前辈们,约翰逊治疗英语非常彻底,作为生活语言,英语有着许多不同的含义。他采用定义的原则英语常见的法律先例。出版后,他的字典没有人竞争超过了一个世纪。

 After many vicissitudes the dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly recognized as a landmark  throughout Europe. this very noble work, wrote the leading Italian lexicographer ,will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author , an honour to his own country in particular , and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe, The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them ( everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary ) was cause for much English celebration.

经过许多沧桑字典终于发布于1775年4月15日。这立即就公认作为一个里程碑在整个欧洲。这很高尚的工作,写了领先的意大利词典编纂者,将是一个永久的纪念碑成名的作家,特别是对于自己国家的荣誉,和一般的好处在欧洲文坛,约翰逊的事实已经在欧洲和匹配他们的学校(每个人都知道,四十法国学者已经四十年生产第一个法国国家字典)原因多英语庆祝。

Johnson had worked for nine years, with little assistance of the learned,  and without any patronage of the great ; not in the soft obscurities of retirement , or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst in convenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow , For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark , in his own words,’ setting the orthography, displaying the analogy ,regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is cornerstone of standard English ,an achievement which , in James Boswell’s words, ‘conferred stability on the language of his country.’

约翰逊已经工作了9年,很少学习的援助,和没有任何赞助的;不是隐晦,退休,或在学术的树荫下,但在便利和分心,在疾病和悲痛,缺点和怪癖两卷工作是一个具有里程碑意义的杰作和,用他自己的话说,“设置正确拼字,显示类比,规范结构,并确定其志的英语单词。这是标准英语的基石,一个成就,在詹姆斯·博斯韦尔的话说,“授予稳定他的国家的语言。”

   The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George lll to offer him a pension . From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.

 字典,连同其他写作,著名约翰逊约非常出名,由于他的著名,所以很受人尊敬的,他的朋友们能够说服国王乔治大典时给他养老。从那以后,他成为了约翰逊的民间传说。

 词汇：

1. vicissitude        变迁  n

2. folklore      民俗  n

3. patronage    赞助  n

4. masterpiece  杰作绝无仅有的人 n 

5. garret        阁楼   n

6. orthography             正确拼写  n

7. synthesis       n. 综合，[化学] 合成；综合体

8.  rickety        adj. 摇晃的；虚弱的；患佝偻病的

9. immense   adj. 巨大的，广大的；无边无际的；非常好的