near的用法
(2012-12-18 08:36:56)
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试观察下面两个句子:
1)She sat nearest to the door.
2)Step by step I came nearer the first building.
以上两个句子引发出对两个问题的思考:
1.
2.
根据现代英语的观点,near一词可用作① 形容词;② 副词;③ 介词;④ 动词。举例如下:
3)The station is near so we shall get there soon.
4)Christmas is
drawing
near.
5)We were near hysterial with furry. (作副词)
6)He is nearing his end. 。(作动词)
关于near和near to的用法问题,Machael Swan在他的著作Practical English Usage一书中如此写道:“Near is mainly used with TO when we are not talking about physical or geographical closeness.”(意思是,near带TO主要用于非具体或非地理意义上的“靠近”场合。)言下之意,Swan认为,“near”主要用于“具体意义”场合;而“near to”主要用于“抽象意义”场合。关于这个问题,费致德的《现代英语惯用法词典》似乎分析得较为细致。他认为:
“near(prep.)一般用于具体的场所。例如:
The bus stop is near the Palace Museum.
near to用于场所和时间时,着重“向……接近”(approach towards)的意味。此外引伸地表示接近关系或接近程度。例如:
As we got near to Shanghai the traffic grew denser.
The irrigation scheme of our commune is near to completion.
但他又补充说道:
“有时候,根据习惯或为了调节句子的语调或韵律,可用或不用to。下例中,后一个near不用to,但意思不变。
Columbus thought that the island was near to India, but in fact it was near the American Continent.
台湾英语学者刘毅在《英文正误用法辞典》中提出:
“英语中near(to)的to虽然常被省略,但在抽象的场合中,多半要用to,如:
His frugality is near to stinginess .
不可否认,以上结论无可厚非,的确存在着如此倾向,即作“具体意义”解释场合,常用near表达,而作“抽象意义”解释场合,则常用near to表达。但根据笔者的观察与研究,就现代英语的实际应用而言,near直接用于“抽象意义”场合的现象似乎越来越流行。略举数例为证:
7)She came (or went) near being drowned. (见《英华大辞典》p.1845)
8)The picture does not come near the original. (见《英语介词用法指南》,p.45)
9)He was near frozen when they found him. (见 A Dictionary of Current English Usage, p.2805)
10)She felt near tears. (见Reader’s Digest, Jan. 1984, p.47)
11)Doctor Brotman was near despair. (见Reader’s Digest, May 1984, p.87)
12)Nine finished houses are scattered around Brattleboro; the tenth is near completion.(见Reader’s Digest, Mar. 1984, p.96)
13)The sun was near setting as we reached home. (见The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, p.706)
下述一些辞书则提供两种用法并行不悖的现象。试看:
14)The boy come near (to) falling off the high wall. (见Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, p.92)
15)The film does not get near (to) the quality of his last one. (见Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, p.219)
16)We got near (to) finishing it. (见A Dictionary of Current English Usage, p.1759)
让我们再回到本文开头的有关议题:nearer和nearest既然是near的比较级和最高级,其后是否加to,按理应与near一致才对。但语法家们对其词性颇有争议。费致德断然指出:
“nearer(to),nearest(to)是副词的比较级和最高级。”(见《现代英语惯用法词典》,p.580)
而Michael Swan在他的权威著作《英语用法指南》(Practical English Usage)一书中则认为:
“near,nearer和nearest(不带to)可以用作介词。……然而,在更多的情况下,nearer和nearest是和to连用的。”
费致德的说法比较切合通常的语法规范,容易为人接受,因为比较级和最高级是不能作介词用的,它们后面没有to,可以理解为介词的省略。但这种解释并非无懈可击。
说到底,英语中的near原先是只作形容词或副词的,而near to则是由“形容词或副词 + 介词”构成的复合介词,类似于close to, next to, out of等。但由于现代英语中复合介词near to省略掉其中的to,遂引发了near词性归属的争议。试以下句为例:
17)Your father was an engineer, and you lived very near the school.
本句中,near是作副词还是介词?好像都可以,又好像都不行。主张near为副词的根据是:near被程度副词very所修饰,而介词则无此用法。况且句中的near还可进一步变为相应的比较级或最高级形式(如本文开头所援引的那一句,即用nearer这个比较级形式),这更无法为介词所容忍和接受。
然而,主张near为介词的理由是:near the school显然是“介宾结构”,因为不论形容词或副词都无法直接带宾语。
这便是现代英语省略掉介词to后给人们带来了语法上的困惑。
至于near以及nearer、nearest之后用不用to的问题,笔者认为还是针对其成因加以解释为妙:
1.
2.
3.
笔者以为,针对诸如此类因语言“进化”而造成的词性变异问题,学习上我们不妨偏重于从语言实际出发,绕开语法死角,直取实用功能,充分顾及其特性及现状,采用灵活理解的态度,权当此为与生俱来的既定事物加以认可采纳,兴许不失为一种明智之策。
附带指出,like(象……)与worth(值得……)也有类似的“两栖”性质表现。
本文主要参考书目
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6. 费致德《现代英语惯用法词典》,商务印书馆,1982
7. 郑易里《英华大辞典》,时代出版社,1959
8. 李圣鑫等《英语介词用法指南》,福建人民教育出版社,1980
9. 刘毅《英文正误用法辞典》,学习出版公司,1987