CriticalEvaluationEssay（批判性评价文章）如何写作
(2018-06-06 17:38:49)
批判性思维在学术研究中有重要作用，国外很多专业的教学中都注重对学生批判性思维的培养，也经常会布置一些Critical
Evaluation
Essay（批判性评价文章）。这类essay需要对目标进行详细分析后才能写作，写作困难较大，留学生们往往不知道如何下手。下面小编就给大家带来一篇详细的Critical Evaluation Essay写作攻略，快来看看吧。
A critical evaluation may refer to a written essay or simply a
specific mode of thinking. The main feature in either case is
critical analysis, which relies on questioning beliefs or
assertions. In other words, a critical evaluation tests the
validity of a claim. Factors such as objectivity and reliability
are thus important. When this questioning occurs in a structured
written format, a critical evaluation essay
results.
批评性评价可以指书面文章或简单的特定思维方式。在这两种情况下的主要特征是批判性分析，依赖于质疑的信念或断言。换句话说，一个关键的评估测试索赔的有效性。因此客观性和可靠性等因素是重要的。当这种提问以结构化的书面形式出现时，一篇重要的评价文章就会产生。
Certain traits favor a critical evaluation. For one, an individual
should be a keen observer and listener, as gathering a full
spectrum of information about a subject is crucial for critical
evaluations. The individual should also ideally be objective, since
a willingness to consider all viewpoints better equips an evaluator
with the ability to evaluate those viewpoints. Perhaps most
importantly, the evaluator should be flexible in his or her
thinking, because studying and challenging a notion often requires
revising the individual’s own beliefs and incorporating
ever-changing new information.
某些特征有利于关键的评价。一方面，个人应该是敏锐的观察者和听众，因为收集关于主题的全谱信息对于关键的评价至关重要。个人也应该是客观的，因为愿意考虑所有观点更好地使评估者具备评估这些观点的能力。也许最重要的是，评价者应该在他或她的思维中灵活，因为学习和挑战一个概念通常需要修正个人的信念，并不断地改变新的信息。
Some crucial concepts inform the critical evaluation. These include
the following: the clarity of an argument, its impartiality, its
relevance, and its comprehensiveness. In scientific research, the
validity and reliability of theories must further be met.
Higher-order thinking that involves forming connections between
abstract ideas and concrete applications is also a cornerstone of
critical evaluations.
一些重要的概念告诉关键评价。这些内容包括：论证的清晰性、公正性、关联性及其全面性。在科学研究中，理论的有效性和可靠性必须进一步得到满足。高阶思维包括抽象概念和具体应用之间的联系，也是批判性评价的基石。
Challenges of a critical nature can manifest on a number of levels.
For one, the evaluator must assess his or her goals in the
evaluation and any possible biases that exist. The validity of the
evidence used to arrive at a conclusion must also be examined, as
should the sources — especially if those sources are other people —
of that evidence. Finally, each possible conclusion should be
evaluated with equal weight, as should any rebuttals to each
conclusion.
关键性的挑战可以在多个层面上表现出来。首先，评估者必须评估他或她的评估目标和可能存在的偏见。还必须审查用于得出结论的证据的有效性，特别是如果那些来源是其他人的证据来源。最后，每一个可能的结论都应该用同样的权重来评估，就像对每个结论的反驳一样。
Critical evaluations are abundant in everyday life. Courtroom
juries often critically evaluate evidence in order to arrive at a
verdict. Politicians claim to use critical evaluation in order to
establish the right guidelines for a region’s citizens. Scholars
and historians debate and gain insight into the past through
critical analysis. Nearly every decision ever made has derived from
critical evaluation. These decisions may be large-scale such as the
decision to enter a war or to accept a job offer, or they can be
mundane activities like choosing a sandwich or pizza
topping.
批判的评价在日常生活中是丰富的。法庭陪审团经常批判性地评估证据，以便作出裁决。政客们声称使用关键的评估来为一个地区的公民建立正确的指导方针。学者和历史学家通过批判性分析来辩论和获得对过去的洞察力。几乎每一个决定都是从批判的评价中得出的。这些决定可能是大规模的，例如决定参加战争或接受工作机会，或者他们可以是平凡的活动，比如选择三明治或比萨饼。
Writing a critical evaluation typically involves tackling a
specific topic and questioning a commonly held assumption. For
example, a typical paper might challenge the need for homework in
schools. The outline of such a paper would usually include a
background of the assertion and its reason for being. An evaluation
might then take each point made in favor of homework and challenge
its worth. In the conclusion, the essay writer might either back
the supposition or reject it.
写一个关键的评价通常涉及解决一个特定的主题和质疑一个普遍持有的假设。例如，一份典型的论文可能会挑战学校对家庭作业的需求。这篇论文的梗概通常包括断言的背景及其原因。然后，评价可能会使每一点都有利于家庭作业，并挑战其价值。在结论中，论文作者既可以背弃假设，也可以拒绝它。
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