加载中…英语强调句语法详解
(2017-05-11 17:51:18)
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英语强调句语法详解 |
分类： 英语语法 |
英语强调句的若干问题
（一）英语强调句概论
“强调”，属于一种修辞法，英语中表示“强调”的方式有许多。在一个句子中，我们可以通过增加某些词语，或者改变原有句式来实现。例如：
That is the
very reason why I want to apologize to you.（very
表示“恰恰，正是”的含义，表示强调。）
What in the
world (on earth) did you mean by saying that? （in the world和on
earth 两个短语都表示“究竟，到底”的含义，表示强调。）
Whatever is
she going to do next? （ever用在特殊疑问词后表示强调。）
I don’t like
the picture at all.（at all 和not 连用，表示强调：“一点也不”。）
He shouldn’t
be blamed for that because he is nothing but a child.（nothing but
理解为“仅仅，只不过”的意思，表示强调。）
The family
did manage to send him to a technical school.（在谓语动词之前加do, does, did
也可以达到强调动词的目的。）
I can’t thank
you enough.
我对你真是感激不尽。（not否定enough，意味着“感激不够”，起强调作用。）
Isn’t the
girl lovely? 这个女孩难道不可爱吗？（否定疑问句的语气比The girl is
lovely.更肯定。）
但在更多的时候，我们则使用强调句型来实现强调之目的。It引导的强调句，是英语中最常见、最常用的语言现象，也是英语学习中的重点和难点。在我们课本里面，强调句型可以说比比皆是。例如：
I wonder if
it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that
I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. (必修一
第1单元)
在这句话中，it’s
because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve
grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
就是一个强调句式，被强调的部分是原因状语从句because I haven’t been able to be outdoors
for so long。
我们所说的强调句（emphatic sentence），有些国外语法书称之为分裂句（cleft
sentence）。前者是根据句子的功能命名；后者是从句子结构而言的，之所以叫做“分裂句”，是因为一个句子被分裂开来，成为两个各有主谓的部分。我们更倾向于按照句子的作用称之为“强调句”。
强调句的构成是：It is
(was) + 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子的其他成分。被强调的部分放在 It is (was)
之后，其它部分置于that之后。这种结构可以用来强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分，被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，可以由who代替that。如果把该句型结构还原，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的一种方法。
（二）强调句所强调的成分
这种结构可以用来强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分，被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，宾补，状语，包括名词性从句和状语从句。例如：
原句：Tom found
my pen in the classroom yesterday.
强调主语：It was
Tom that found my pen in the classroom yesterday.
强调宾语：It was
my pen that Tom found in the classroom yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was
in the classroom that Tom found my pen yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was
yesterday that Tom found my pen in the classroom.
强调句的具体使用情况，现在分述如下：
强调主语
主语指人时，可以用that或who；主语指物时，只能用that。例如：
It was John
that (who) wore a white suit at the dance last
night.
It was a
police officer that (who) signaled him to stop.
It was a
bunch of red roses that she left us.
It is what he
said that I failed to recall.
主语是人称代词时，一般用主格，在非正式文体中也可以用宾格。例如：
It is me who
am to blame.
强调宾语
如果宾语指人，可以用whom 或who替代that，例如：
It was John
and his brother that (who, whom) we met in the park last
week.
It is me that
(who, whom) he gave the book.
但是It is me he
gave the book to.和 It is to me he gave the
book.更常用，所以间接宾语常常被介词宾语所代替。
强调介词宾语
It was the
children that he gave the apples to.
It was to me
that Mother gave a new pen. (正式文体)
It was me
that Mother gave a new pen to. (非正式文体)
It was to me
that she showed the picture.
It was Miss
Wang that he sent the postcards to.
It is for you
that I bought this dictionary.
强调时间状语
It is at ten
that the train leaves.
It was when
she was about to go to bed that the telephone
rang.
It was not
until 1972 that we began studying English.
I was after I
entered the university that I came to know how to behave myself
properly.
强调地点状语
It was here
that (where) we met Mary.
It was in
your room that I left my gloves.
【注意】如果被强调的是地点副词，除了用that外，还可以用where。如果被强调的是时间副词或短语(不带介词)
，除了用that外，还可以用when。如果被强调的地点或时间是介词短语，则不能用when
或where，只用that。例如：
It was
yesterday that (when) he bought an English book in
town.
It was last
week that (when) we worked in the countryside.
It is here
that (where) he must wait for her.
It was in
this room that we had a heated discussion.
It is at ten
o’clock that the meeting will take place.
强调原因状语
由because引导的原因状语从句或because
of短语可以作为被强调的成分。例如：
It is because
the book is so useful for my work that I have bought
it.
It was
because he was in great difficulty that I tried my best to help
him.
I was because
of the job that he had taken the flat.
但是，若从句由as或since引导，强调时则改为because，这是因为，because引导的原因从句表示的意义非常强烈，符合强调句的目的。例如：
As she got up
late, she missed the first bus. 变为强调句：
It was
because she got up late that she missed the bus.
强调方式状语
It was just
as he ordered that I acted.
It was by
herself that she completed all the work.
It was with a
stick that I managed to beat the dog off.
强调目的状语
It was for
fun that he played the part of a clown.
It is in
order to serve the people better in the future that we should study
hard now.
强调表语
在系动词be后的表语不能作为被强调的成分。例如：
不可以说：It is a
teacher that he is.
但可以说：It is a
teacher that he has become.
强调宾语补足语
It was
chairman that they elected him.
It was white
that they painted the door.
（三）强调句的疑问句式、感叹句式和否定句式
强调句除了有陈述句式外，还有一般疑问句式、特殊疑问句式、感叹句式和否定句式几种类型。
强调句的一般疑问句式
直接把is或was提到it之前，强调句的一般疑问句是Is (Was)
it+被强调部分+that+句子的其他成分。例如：
Was it Tom
that found your pen in the classroom yesterday?
Was it in
1939 that the Second World War broke out?
Is it from
advertising that a newspaper earns a lot of its
profits?
Was it not
until 12 o’clock that he went to bed?
It was Mike
that sent the old man to the hospital, wasn’t it?
强调句的特殊疑问句式
疑问词+ is (was)
it + that +句子的其他成分，特殊疑问词即是被强调的成分。例如：
Who was it
that found your pen in the classroom yesterday?
When was it
that the Second World War broke out?
Where was it
that you lost your cell phone?
How was it
that he managed to get my address?
How long ago
was it that you last saw her?
What was it
that had made you so sad?
Why was it
that silver was not widely used as conductor?
Which book is
it that you want?
Whose
umbrella was it that)you took away?
强调句的感叹句式
当It is
(was)之后的部分是被强调的主语或宾语时，可以用What或How开头，构成感叹句式。
What a
beautiful painting it was that Mary showed us!
What
remarkable intelligence it was that you have
displayed!
How wonderful
an idea it is that he has got!
How funny a
story it was that made us laugh!
强调句的否定句式
有些否定句在变成强调句时，要把否定转移到被强调的词语之前。例如部分否定句，在变为强调句时，要把not提到It
is (was)之后。尤其是“not…
until…”句式的强调要特别注意，应将not置于被强调部分里面。例如：
请比较以下两组，强调的角度不同。
A. It wasn’t
I that made fun of him.不是我（而是别人）取笑他。
B. It was I
that didn’t make fun of him. 就是我没有取笑他。
A. It wasn’t
Mary that looked down upon you. 不是玛丽（而是别人）瞧不起你。
B. It was
Mary that didn’t look down upon you. 就是玛丽没有瞧不起你。
All of the
boys in our class don’t like football.
→It isn’t all
of the boys in our class that (who) like football.
Both sisters
are not interested in physics.
→It isn’t
both sisters that (who) are interested in physics.
Everybody
doesn’t know the answer.
→It isn’t
everybody that knows the answer.
All that
glitters is not gold.
→It isn’t all
that glitters that is gold.
Money can’t
buy everything.
→It is not
everything that money can buy.
He didn’t
realize his mistake until the teacher had told
him.
→It wasn’t
until the teacher had told him that he realized his
mistake.
注意：在强调句式中虽然not被提前，但主句不要到装。不可说：*It wasn’t until the
teacher had told him did he realize his mistake.
（四）强调句的几个注意问题
你的这个问题是涉及强调句式“用It is还是用It
was”的问题。这与not...until...句型没有直接的联系。
我们可以根据原句时态，来确定用It is还是用It
was。如果原句时态属于现在时间范畴（包括一般现在时，现在进行式，现在完成时，一般将来时等），则用It is
…；如果原句时态属于过去时间范畴（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时等），则用It was …
例如：
It is at ten
o’clock that the meeting will take place.
What is it
that you want me to do now?
It was not
until yesterday that I heard the news.
Was it John
that broke the window this morning?
此外，情态动词还可用于It
be中：
It might have
been John that bought a new book for Mary
yesterday.
It may be
next week that she leaves for Tokyo.
It mast have
been a thief that broke in the house.
It can’t be
Tom that has damaged the desk.
It will not
be you that will have to take the blame for this.
that和who有时可以省略
随着语言的发展，这种强调句型中的that或who有时可以省略。例如：
It was my
brother (that/who) you saw the other day.
It was
William (who) did it.
It was a
letter (that) came this morning.
复杂强调句
被强调部分是主语从句：
It is what he
said that I have failed to recall.
It is not who
is right but what is right that is of importance.
It is what
you do rather than what you say that matters.
被强调部分含定语从句：
It is always
the mouth which talks too much that arouses
troubles.
It is only a
man who has seen much of the world that can be a
leader.
Was it in the
village where we used to live that the accident
happened?
It was in the
small house which was built of stones by his father that he spent
his childhood.
被强调部分含同位语从句：
It was the
news that our class won the match that made us
excited.
It is the
problem whether they should join the club that we are going to
discuss.
强调句是宾语从句：
David said
that it was because of his strong interest in literature that he
chose the course.
I can’t
remember how many days ago it was that a fight broke out between
the husband and wife.
I’ve already
forgotten where it was that you put the
dictionary.
I wonder
whether it was because he had failed in the examination that he was
so unhappy.
强调句是主语从句：
It doesn’t
matter who it is that I’m talking to.
What it is
that we are going to do next has not been decided.
让步强调句
另外，还要注意一种貌似强调句的“It is … that …
”句式，这是英语中比较少见的特殊让步句，要“反译”它的句子意思才行。例如:
It is a wise
father that knows his own child. ——Shakespeare
再英明的父亲也不一定了解他自己的孩子。——莎士比亚
It is a good
horse that never stumbles. 好马也会失蹄。
It is a long
lane that has no turning. 无论怎样长的巷子也会有转弯的地方。
It is a wise
man that never makes mistakes. 再聪明的人也会犯错误。
It is a good
wife that never grumbles. 再好的妻子也会唠叨。
It is a good
machine that works without power. 再好的机器没有动力也不能工作。
It is a bold
mouse that nestles in a cat’s ear.
再大胆的老鼠也不敢在猫耳朵里做窝。
这种句式的正确理解应该是，that之后的部分是定语从句，修饰前面的代词It。例如：It is a wise
father that knows his own child.这一句，that knows his own
child是定语从句修饰It，而It指代相关的人（或物）The father. 实际就是：The father that knows
his own child is a wise
father.意思是“只有了解自己孩子的父亲才是英明的父亲。”言外之意就是：再英明的父亲也不一定了解他自己的孩子。
这种句式的特点是：
① It is …
that…句式， 中间是一个被描绘形容词修饰的单数可数名词，这个形容词提出了让步条件。
② that
后面的动词若是否定的, 要译成肯定; 若是肯定是的，要译成否定。
③
这种句子常表示一定哲理, 句中动词谓语常用一般现在时。
强调句型与其他从句的区别
一般说来，如果把句子中的It
is/was和that去掉，能还原成完整的句子，并且句子意思依然完整，则为强调句型，否则为其他从句。但是，有时不能完全凭借结构分析，还要看具体的句子意思。
It was three
o'clock when we finished the work.
我们完成任务时是3点。（It用作代词指时间，when引导时间状语从句）
It was at
three o'clock that we finished the work.
我们是在3点钟完成任务的。（强调句）
It is the
fact that he has lost the game by one score.
他以一分之差输掉了这场比赛是事实。（It作形式主语，that引导同位语从句）
It was a
prison that no one could escape from.
那是一座无人能逃跑的监狱。（It用作代词，that引导定语从句）
It is my
medical record that includes the test results and medical
information.
这是我的病历，包括试验结果和医疗信息。（It用作代词，that引导定语从句）
It is a pity
that you didn't go to see the
film.真可惜，你没去看那部电影。（It作形式主语,that引导主语从句）
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