加载中…主谓一致详解（附真题）
(2017-05-11 17:27:58)
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主谓一致详解（附真题 |
分类： 英语语法 |
主谓一致详解（附真题）
主谓一致的关键在主语，主语的关键在名词。
| |
|
| 单数时无s |
单数时加s |
| 复数时加s |
复数时无s |
主谓一致，指主语与谓语之间在数与人称上保持一致，其中，最重要的是数的一致，即，主语的单/复数决定谓语的单/复数。应该注意的是，主语的数是复数时加s，而谓语的数是单数时加s。刚好相反。（见右表）。如，I
bought three watches yesterday.（名词，复数时加-(e)s）。He watches TV every
day.（动词，单数时加-(e)s）
主谓一致的根本原则是意义一致原则。①主谓一致，一般情况下采用意义一致原则。什么是意义一致原则呢？无论主语是单数形式还是复数形式，若表示单数意义，则谓语用单数；若表示复数意义，则谓语用复数。②主谓一致，个别情况下采用就近一致原则（可以看做权宜之计）。什么是就近一致原则呢？在某些并列主语情况下，按照紧挨着谓语的那个主语来确定谓语的数。
■语法书对比：本书的意义一致原则，涵盖了其它语法书的意义一致原则和语法(形式)一致原则。
有些语法书上讲，主谓一致有三条原则：语法(形式)一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。本书讲，主谓一致有两条原则：意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
本书这样做的理由是：根本上讲，在确定主谓一致时，不看主语是单数还是复数形式，而看主语是单数还是复数意义，由此来确定谓语的数。分为两大类情况：A.一般地，二者是一致的，即，单数形式表示单数意义，复数形式表示复数意义，这时，无论以主语的形式还是意义确定谓语的数，结果是一样的。（注：这种情况其实就是其它书所说的“语法(形式)一致原则”）。B.有时，二者是不一致的，即，单数形式表示复数意义，复数形式表示单数意义，此时就要以主语的意义确定谓语的数。
一.使用主谓一致原则，首先得找到主语
使用主谓一致原则，首先得找到主语。谓语的左边紧挨着的词或短语，并非就是主语。
常见有三种情况妨碍我们找到主语：
1.
排除定语或状语（如介词短语）的干扰，找到主语。主语后常跟的定语或状语有：①表示增加的：with, along with,
together with；as well as, as much as；in addition to, accompanied
by, besides, plus等。②表示减去的：but(除去)，except等。③表示补充说明的：such as, like,
including, rather than等。如，
●The man
(together) with his children sits on the sofa watching
TV.
●The teacher
as well as the students was excited.
2.找到省略了的主语。常见于“所有格或物主代词+（省略掉的名词）”。如，
●The doctor’s
is on this side of the street.（The doctor’s=The doctor’s
house，所以谓语用单数）
●Your shoes
are black, mine are brown.（mine=my shoes，所以谓语用复数）
3.找到倒装句的主语。如，
●South of the
city is a large stadium.（主语是stadium，所以谓语用单数）
●In front of
the girl are some flowers.（主语是flowers，所以谓语用复数）
二.单个主语时的主谓一致，采用意义一致原则
单个主语时，采用意义一致原则。无论主语是单数形式还是复数形式，若表示单数意义，则谓语用单数；若表示复数意义，则谓语用复数。见下表，
|
主语 |
谓语用单数 |
谓语用复数 |
|
|
一般地，单数形式表示单数意义 |
√ |
× |
|
|
一般地，复数形式表示复数意义 |
× |
√ |
|
|
特别地，单数形式表示 单数意义或复数意义 |
2.单复数同形的个体名词 |
√ |
√ |
|
3.单数形式的集体名词 |
√ |
√ |
|
|
特别地，复数形式表示 单数意义或复数意义 |
4.复数形名词 |
√ |
√ |
|
5.由两部分构成的名词 |
√ |
√ |
|
|
6.-ics结尾的学科名词 |
√ |
√ |
|
|
7.表示度量等的复数名词 |
√ |
√ |
|
下边详细讲解。
1.
一般地，单数形式表示单数意义，所以谓语用单数；复数形式表示复数意义，所以谓语用复数。如，
●A tree has
fallen across the road.一株树倒下横在路上。
●Little
streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。
2.单复数同形的名词作主语时的主谓一致。这些名词有：deer鹿，sheep羊，fish鱼。这些名词作主语时，谓语的数分两种情况：表示单数意义时，其谓语用单数；表示复数意义时，其谓语用复数。如，
●This sheep
is mine and those sheep are mine，too.
●There are
some sheep in the woods.
3.
单数形式的集体名词作主语时的主谓一致。分两种情况：若看作一个整体，谓语用单数。若看作各个成员，谓语用复数。如，
His family is
larger than mine.（整体）
The family
are watching TV.（成员）
Our football
team is playing well.我们球队踢得很好。
Our football
team are having baths.我们队员正在洗澡。
4.复数形名词作主语时的主谓一致。这些名词作主语时，谓语的数分两种情况：表示单数意义时（前边有a/this/that修饰），其谓语用单数。表示复数意义时（前边有all/these/those修饰），其谓语用复数。如，
A crossroads
is a place where roads cross.
There are
several crossroads here.
只用作单数或只用作复数的复数形名词。①以-ings结尾的名词作主语时，谓语用复数。如，belongings所有物，savings储蓄，shortcomings缺点，surroundings环境。例句：Our
total earnings are about forty
dollars.②news(新闻)和gallows(绞架)等名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
5.
由两部分构成的物体作主语时的主谓一致。这些名词有：shoes，trousers，scissors，glasses等。这些名词作主语时，谓语的数分两种情况：若主语前有量词（如pair），谓语的数由量词决定；若主语前没有量词，谓语用复数。如，
The pair of
shoes is her sisters.
This pair of
trousers is mine.
Tom，here are
your new trousers. please put them on.
6.
以-ics结尾的学科名词作主语时的主谓一致。这些名词有：maths数学，physics物理学，politics政治学，economics经济学，等。这些名词作主语时，谓语的数分为两种情况：在表示“学科”时，谓语用单数；在表示具体的实践活动/性能/现象时，谓语用复数。如，
Statistics is
a branch of mathematics.统计学是数学的分支。
Statistics
show that there are more boy than girls at
school.统计数字表明男孩比女孩多。
7.
表示度量/距离/金额/时间等的名词复数作主语时的主语一致。分两种情况：若表示数值（看作一个整体），谓语用单数；若表示数量（看作多个个体的总和），谓语用复数。如，
Three years
has passed.
Three years
have passed since we met last time.
Twelve is a
small number.
Twelve were
boys.
8.不定式/动名词/从句作主语时的主谓一致。
①单个不定式或动名词作主语，谓语用单数。两个或两个以上互不关联的事，谓语用复数。两个或两个以上密切关联为一件事，谓语用单数。如，
●To die for
the people is a worthy death.
●Looking
after the children is my full time job.
●When and
where to hold the meeting is unknown.
Playing
basketball and swimming are his favorite
sports.打篮球和游泳是他最爱的运动。
Going to bed
early and getting up early is a good
habit.早睡早起好习惯。
②单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数。两个或两个以上，谓语用复数。由what引导的主语从句，根据整个谓语部分的意思确定谓语首词的数，因为，无法从what从句本身看出来单/复数what本身表示单数或复数意义都可以。
●Which of
them was right was quite clear to us.
●When men
first made use of electricity is not exactly
known.
What we need
is more time.（根据表语time，谓语首词用单数）
What we need
are doctors. （根据表语doctors，谓语首词用复数）
What he says
and does do not agree.他的言行不一致。（单数）
What he says
and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。（复数）
※链接：其它章节中讲到的主谓一致。1.总称名词和专有名词作主语时的主谓一致，参看第三章第三节冠词在总称名词/专有名词前的用法。2.不定代词(+of)作主语时的主谓一致，参看第四章第四节不定代词的用法总表。3.“the+形容词”作主语时的主谓一致，参看第八章第二节“the+形容词”的用法。4.定语从句的引导词作主语时的主谓一致，参看第十一章第五节.what/which/that引导的定语从句。
三.并列主语时的主谓一致，采用意义一致原则或就近一致原则
并列主语时，有些情况（如1）采用意义一致原则，有些情况（如2/3/4）采用就近一致原则（谓语的数与位置最近的主语的数保持一致）。
1.
“and连接的两个词”作并列主语时，一般采用意义一致原则。
①如果and连接的两词表示两个事物，谓语用复数。
●Jim and I
are close friends.吉姆和我是好朋友。
②如果and连接的两词构成一个整体，谓语用单数。常见的这种组合有：a knife and
fork一副刀叉，a watch and chain一只带表带的手表；fish and chips鱼和薯片，bread and
butter黄油面包；trust and honest诚实，law and
order法律和秩序，治安。如，
●Fish and
chips is one of the most common English dishes.
对比：第①种情况中的of后的名词有冠词，第②种情况中的of后的名词没有冠词。
The writer
and the professor have arrived.那个作家和那个教授已经到了。（两个人）
The writer
and professor has arrived.既是作家又是教授的那个人到了。（一个人）
③one and a
half：主复谓单（常考）。如，
●One and a
half apples is left on the table.
④若and连接的两个词被each/every/no修饰，则谓语用单数。如，
●Every boy
and every girl has the right to receive education.
（助记：此时Every
boy and every girl=Every boy and girl=Everybody）
2.由and连接的词作并列主语，在here/there引起的倒装句中，采用就近一致原则。如，There is
a knife and some apples.
There are
some apples and a knife.
●Where are
your classmates and teacher?
3.由or等连接的词作并列主语，采用就近一致原则。这些词或短语有：or，either/whether…or，neither…nor，not
only…but
also，not…but。注意，在陈述句中，主语B与谓语就近一致；在疑问句中，主语A与谓语就近一致。如，
Either you or
he has lunch at school.（前四句是陈述句）
Either he or
you have lunch at school.
Either you or
he doesn’t have lunch at school.
Either he or
you don’t have lunch at school.
Do either you
or he have lunch at school.（疑问句。注意此句中的谓语首词是do）
4. more than
one或many a…作主语，采用就近一致原则。如，
●More than
one student (主语) has seen the film.
（但是，More
students (主语) than one have seen the film.）
●Many a
student fails to pass the examination.许多学生考试不及格。
四.“n1+of+n2”作主语时的主谓一致，采用意义一致原则
“n1+of+n2”（简称of短语）作主语时，也采用意义一致原则。由于内容多，单独讲解。
当“n1+of+n2”作主语时，应该根据n1还是n2确定谓语的数？分为两类情况：如果语义重心在右（n2），则根据n2确定谓语的数。如果语义重心在左（n1），则根据n1确定谓语的数。
细分为以下情况：
|
a… |
the/复数… |
|
1.有些of短语，①当“a…of…”作主语时，重心在of右。 |
②当“the/复数…of…”作主语时，重心移到of左。 |
|
2.有些of短语，当“a…of…”作主语时，重心在of左。 |
3.有些of短语，当“the…of…”作主语时，重心在of右。 |
下边详细讲解此表。
1.一般地，“n1+of+n2”作主语时的主谓一致，分为两种情况：①当“a+n1+of+n2”作主语时，语义重心在右边（n2），根据n2确定谓语的数。②但是，当“the+n1+of+n2”或“n1复数+of+n2”作主语时，语义重心移到左边（n1），根据n1确定谓语的数。这是因为，把n1由a变为the或复数，意在强调n1，所以，语义重心由右边（n2）转移到左边（n1）。
这些of短语有：①跟可数名词的，如，a(n) number/average/group
of。②跟不可数名词的，如，a great deal of，a(n) bit/amount of。③跟可数或不可数名词的，如，a
kind/sort/type of，a quantity/ proportion/variety/plenty
of，分数/百分数+of。
例句（number
of）
A number of
students help with the harvest.（a number
of，许多的/大量的，谓语用复数。）
The number of
students is increasing.（the number of，…的数量，谓语用单数。）
A large
quantity of books have been bought.
A large
quantity of beer was sold.
The quantity
of books in the library is amazing.
The quantity
of heat in the office has been increased.
Large
quantities of wheat are being sent abroad.
例句（百分数+of）
20 percent of
the work was done yesterday.
20 percent of
the students are absent today.
例句（其它）
A group of us
have hired a boat for travelling.
A great deal
of trouble lies before me.
|
■语法书对比：“quantity/amount of”作主语时的主谓一致。 1. a large quantity of可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词，谓语单/复数要看后面的名词。A large quantity of money large quantities of同样可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词，但是谓语的单/复数与quantities保持一致，谓语用复数形式。Large quantities of food have rotten away.大量的食物已经腐烂。Large quantities of beer are consumed in the city every year.这个城市每年要消费大量的啤酒。 2.
试想有几个人能记住这个表的各种情况！举起手，我看看？！ 3. |
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2.有些“a+
n1+of+n2”作主语时，语义重心在左（n1），根据n1确定谓语的数。如，a pair/line/range/
series/species of；又如，各种量词a cup/piece of等。
●A pair of
shoes was under the desk.
●A line of
forts was built along the border.
●A series of
lectures is to be given by Mr. Smith.
There is a
cup of tea on the table.
There are two
cups of tea on the table.
3.有些“the+
n1+of+n2”作主语时（如，the rest/majority
of），根据n2确定谓语的数。是特例。
The rest of
the bread is for breakfast.
The rest of
the questions are being discussed.
对比练习
题组（排除干扰，找到主语）
1—6题，排除定语或状语的干扰，找到主语。7—8题，找到倒装句的主语。
1. Generally,
students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others
____essential to their development. (2013,江苏)
A．is B．are
C．was D．were
句意：一般来说，学生们的内在动力以及来自他人的高度期望对他们的发展是重要的。分析：①主语是students’
inner motivation，谓语用单数。②一般现在时。选A。
2. Dr. Smith,
together with his wife and daughters, _____visit Beijing this
summer. (2009,陕西)
A. is going
to B. are going to
C. was going to
D. were going
to
分析：①主语是Dr.
Smith，谓语用单数。②一般现在时。选A。
3. The father
as well as his three children ____ skating on the frozen river
every Sunday afternoon in winter.（2006,辽宁） A. is going
B. go C. goes
D. are going
分析：①主语是the
father，谓语用单数。②一般现在时。选C。
4.
Films，____the one you told me about yesterday or the one that will
be on，____ not worth seeing.（1986,全国）
A.including; is
B.as well as; are C.besides;
is D.such as; are
分析：主语是films，谓语用单数。选D。
5. Such poets
as Shakespeare widely read, of
whose works, however, some
difficult to understand. (2010,四川)
A. are；are
B. is；is
C. are；is
D. is：are
分析：①主语是Such
poets (as Shakespeare)，谓语用复数。②主语是some
(poets)，谓语用复数。选A。
C．is
encouraged D．are encouraged
句意：所有的雇工除了经理之外都被鼓励在家上网工作。分析：①主语是All the
employees，谓语用复数。②一般现在时的被动语态。选D。
7. On the
wall ___ two large portraits.（全国高考题）
A. hangs
B. hang C. hanged
D. hanging
分析：主语是portraits，谓语用复数。选B。
8. Among the
crises that face humans ___ the lack of natural
resources.(2013,上海)
A．is
B．are C．is there
D．are there
选A。
分析：主语是the
lack (of natural resources)，谓语用单数。
题组（单个主语时的主谓一致）
1. Every
possible means ____ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is
still not clear.（2000,上海春）
A. is used
B. are used
C. has been
used D. have been used
分析：①主语为every
possible means，谓语用单数。若主语为all possible
means，则谓语用复数。②后句提示用现在完成时。选C。
2.
Mathematics ____ the language of
science.(全国高考题)
A. is
B. are going C. are
D. am
分析：单数。选A。
3. The
population of Jiangsu ____ to more than twice what it was in 1949.
The figure is now approaching 74 million.（2009,江苏）
A. has grown
B. have grown
C. grew
D. are growing
选A。
4. The
population of the city ____two million. Two
thirds of the population ____ workers.(be)
分析：前者填is（总体）,后者填are（成员）。
5. A survey
of the opinions of experts ____ that three hours of outdoor
exercise a week ____good for one's health.（2007,江西）
A. show; are
B. shows; is
C. show; is
D. shows; are
分析：①第一空，主语是a
survey，谓语用单数。②第二空，主语是three hours of outdoor exercise a
week（每周三小时的户外运动），是一种习惯，谓语用单数。选B。
6. Listening
to loud music at rock concerts
caused hearing loss in some
teenagers. (2010,湖南).
A. is
B. are
C. has D.
have
分析：①非谓语动词短语作主语时，谓语用单数。②现在完成时。选C。
7. When and
where to go for the holiday ____
yet.(2003,上海春)
A. are not
decided
B. have not
been decided
C. is not
being decided
D. has not
been decided
选D。
8. All we
need ____ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of
fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
（2014,湖南）
A．are
B．was C．is
D．were
句意：我们所需要的就是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够栽种各种不同的果树。
解析：All we
need is a small piece of land. 选C。
题组（并列主语时的主谓一致）
1. A poet and
artist____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and
paintings tomorrow afternoon.
(2006,江苏)
句意：这位诗人兼艺术家明天下午将来到我们学校做关于中国文学和绘画的演讲。分析：主语是a poet and
artist（一个既是诗人又是艺术家的人），谓语用单数。选A。
2. — Did you
go to the show last night?— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area
____ invited.(2008,陕西)
A. were
B. have been C. has been
D. was
分析：every boy
and girl=everybody，谓语用单数。选D。
3. Either you
or one of your students ____ to attend the meeting that is due
tomorrow. (2009,湖南)
A. are
B. is C. have
D. be
分析：①主语是either…or…，采用就近一致原则。②主语是one of your
students时，谓语用单数。选B。
4. It is
reported that many a new house ____ at present in the disaster
area.（2010,陕西）
A. are being
built B. were being built C.
was being built D. is being built
句意：据报道，目前在这个受灾地区正在建很多新房子。分析：①many
a…作主语时，谓语用单数。②现在进行时。选D。
5. Not only I
but Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after
another. (1989,全国).
A. is
B. are C. am
D. be
句意：不光是我，就连简和玛丽也烦了没完没了的考试。分析：主语是Not only I but Jane and
Mary，谓语用复数。（对比：主语Not only Jane and Mary but also
I→谓语动词am。）。这个题，先用了就近一致原则，后用了意义一致原则。选B。
题组（of型短语作主语时的主谓一致）
1. The number
of foreign students attending Chinese universities ____ rising
steadily since 1990.（2009,山东）
分析：①主语是the
number of…，谓语用单数。②现在完成时。选C。
2. The number
of people invited ____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for
different reasons. (1996,全国)
A. were; was
B. was; was
C. was; were D. were;
were
分析：①第一空，主语是the number of…，谓语用单数。②第二空，主语是a number of
them，谓语用复数。选C。
3.The school
was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown
too____．（2010,四川）
A．small
B．few C．1arge
D．many
句意：这所学校搬到了市外，因为学生人数已经变得太多了。分析：从句的主语是the number of
students,只有small和large能修饰number。再根据句意"人数变得太大"可知应选large。选C。
4. As a
result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____
covered the land.(2001,上海)
A. number…has
B. quantity…has
选B。
5. —Why does
the lake smell terrible? —Because large quantities of
water____.（2009,福建）
A.have
polluted B.is being polluted
C.has been
polluted D.have been polluted
分析：①主语是quantities of
…，谓语用复数。②现在完成时的被动语态。选D。
A. Two
fifths; is B. Two fifth;
are
C. Two fifth;
is D. Two fifths;
are
选D。
7. The
company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _____
used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day
long.（2006，浙江）
A. is
B. are C. was
D. were
选D。
8. The
factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which
____ saved for other purposes. (2011,安徽)
分析：①主语是the
rest of which（←the rest of the raw
materials），谓语用复数。②一般过去时的被动语态。选D。
9. — Is
everyone here?— Not yet. Look, there____the rest of our guests
!（2010,江苏）
A. come
B. comes C. is coming
D. are coming
分析：①主语是the
rest of our guests，谓语用复数。②不用进行时（参看时态章）。选A。
10. One-third
of the country ____ covered with trees and the majority of the
citizens ____ black people. (2011,湖南)
A. is; are
B. is; is C. are; are
D. are; is
句意：这个国家的三分之一被树木覆盖，而且大多数市民是黑人。分析：One-third of the
country is…and the majority of the citizens are….
选A。
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