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必修四unit2 动名词作主语或宾语

(2017-05-05 19:08:26)
分类: 高中英语

动名词

定义:动名词是动词的一种非限定形式,兼有动词和名词的特征,它可以带宾语,也能被状语修饰。动名词接宾语或状语构成动名词短语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。

基本形式:由动词原形家词尾-ing构成,与现在分词形式相同。动名词已经名词化了,而现在分词常表示动作或状态。如:a sleeping chair/睡椅(动名词,表用途) a sleeping child 正在睡觉的孩子(现在分词,表状态)

 

一、动名词的句法功能

动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

1、 作主语

1)直接位于句首做主语。动名词做主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作(在口语中也可以表示具体的动作), 如:

 

Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。  

Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。

Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。        

Seeing is believing.

Helping her is my duty.

Talking mends no holes.

空谈无济于事。

Working with you is a pleasure.

和你一起工作是一种乐趣。

注意:动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数

Getting up early is a good habit. 早起是个好习惯。

Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作可不容易。

 

2)由于直接将动名词置于句首作主语有时会显得头重脚轻,所以用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾。

It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收

It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。

It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。

It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。

Its nice seeing her again. 再次见到她很好。

Its no use saying any more about it. 再谈这事没有用。

这两句句首的it就是形式主语,真正的主语是后而把动名词seeing her againsaying any more about it

 

这种用法在习惯句型中常用,常用句型:

It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure… + v.ing 

1.  It is useless trying to argue with Shylock. 和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。

2.   It’ s no sense arguing with her. 和她争吵没有意思。

3.  It’s no use saying any more about it. 再谈这事没有用

4.  It’s fun working for him. 为他工作很有意思。

5.  It’s great fun sailing a boat. 扬帆驾舟十分有趣。

6.  It’s no use shouting at himhe’s deaf. 向他叫喊是没有用的——他耳聋。

7.  It has been a great honour your coming to visit us. 你来看望我们是极大荣幸。

8.  It is useless speaking. 光说没有用。

9.  It was pleasant sitting there. 坐在那里很愉快。

10.        It’s so nice sitting here with you. 和你坐在一起真是愉快。

11.        It’s good hearing English spoken. 听到人讲英语,我很高兴。

12.        It’s terribly tiring working late like this. 这样干到深夜是非常累人的。

13.        It’s worth while doing the work. 这项工作值得做。

14.        Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with me? 你认为和我吵值得吗?

 

注意:importantessentialnecessary 等形容词后面不用动名词(常用不定式)。

 

 

3)用于“There be”结构中。

There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。

There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。

There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。

常用句型:There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do

注意:在“There be”句型中,只能用动名词,而不能用不定式作主语。

4)用于布告形式的省略结构中。

No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). 禁止吸烟。   

No parking. 禁止停车。

5)动名词的复合结构作主语

当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格,构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:

Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。

Lao Lis going there wont be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。

 

2、作宾语

1)作动词的宾语

*某些及物动词后出现非限定性动词时通常只能用动名词作宾语。常见的此类动词有:

acknowledge 承认    admit 承认           advise 建议           allow 允许

anticipate期望          appreciate 感激     avoid 避免            ban 禁止

bar 禁止                 consider 考虑       delay 推迟            deny 否认

describe 描述           discuss 讨论        dislike 不喜欢       enjoy 喜爱

escape 逃脱             excuse 原谅         face 面临             fancy 设想

finish 完成               forbid 禁止           forgive 原谅         give up 放弃

imagine 想象            include 包括          involve 需要         keep 保持

mention 提及            mind 介意            miss 没赶上          pardon 原谅

permit 允许              postpone 推迟       practise 练习        prevent 阻止

prohibit 禁止            propose 建议         put off 推迟        recall 记起

recollect 记起           recommend 建议   repent 后悔          report 报告

resist 抵制               risk 冒险               save 节省             stop 停止

suggest 建议            understand 理解     urge 催促             witness 见证

 

She acknowledged having been at fault. 他承认自己错了。

John has admitted breaking the window. 约翰已承认打碎了窗子。

I advise waiting a few more days. 我建议再等几天。

They don’t allow parking. 他们不准停放汽车。

Do you anticipate meeting any trouble? 你预料会有麻烦吗?

I appreciate being given this opportunity. 非常感谢给了我这个机会。

I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. 我横穿马路以便避开他,但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。

We bar playing cards for money. 我们禁止玩牌赌钱。

He considered giving a new course. 他考虑开一门新课。

Why have they delayed answering our letter? 他们为什么迟迟不回我们的信?

He denied having taken it. 他否认拿了它。

He described finding his mother lying on the floor. 他描述说发现他母亲躺在地板上。

They will discuss giving further assistance to the oppressed peoples. 他们将讨论给予被压迫民族更多援助的问题。

Many teachers dislike marking piles of exercise books. 许多教师都厌烦批改大堆的作业。

Mary’s mother enjoys listening to music. 玛丽的母亲喜欢听音乐。

Would you mind opening the window?吧窗户打开好吗?

She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。

Seeing the picture, he couldnt help laughing. 看了这幅画,他禁不住大笑起来。

Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。

 

*在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词(短语)做宾语:find/think/consider+ it(形式宾语) + no use/no good/useless+ v.ing(真正宾语).

I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。

Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次有好处吗?

*形容词worth后也可接动名词,作为复合谓语的宾语。

The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。

 

2)作介词的宾语

*能接动名词的短语有:think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stopfrom, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend(in), feel like, preferto, instead of, in case of等等。

We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。

Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?

Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以来就盼望着来中国。

 

*在下面的结构中,介词in常可省略:

1S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time + (in) +v.ing

2S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing

3S + be busy + (in) +V.ing

4S + lose no time + (in) +V.ing (立即… …)

We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English? 要听懂英语口语你有困难吗?

 

3、作表语

动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。

Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)

What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

4、作定语

动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:

a walking sticka stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking

a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing

a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading

sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

二、动名词的复合结构

带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如:

Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)    

Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)

Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.)

在口语中,如果动名词复合结构作宾语,其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替,但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如:

Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗?

The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。

Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了,使她妈妈很着急。

His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。

例:I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.

Ayou to call  Byou call  Cyou calling  Dyoure calling

KeyC;换成your calling也对)

在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语:

a.无命名词

The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。

b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义

Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗?

c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列

Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗?

三、动名词的时态和语态

动名词的时态和语态如下:

主动语态、    被动语态、

一般式  doing          being done

完成式  having done     having been done

(一)时态

1、动名词一般式:表示的动作通常是一般性动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或之后发生的动作。

I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。

Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。

2、动名词的完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。

I dont remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。

Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。

He denied having taken any money from the cash register. 他否认从现金出纳机里拿了钱。

(二)语态

动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者,动名词用被动语态。

1)它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,或在其后发生。如:

I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下,我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。

He came in without being asked. 没有谁请他进来他自己进来了。

2)它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:

I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。

3)在某些动词,我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式,尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如:

Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。

I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。

Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。

4)在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子显得累赘,尤其是在口语中。如:

I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园,可我忘了。

四、动名词的否定式:not + V.ing

I regret not being able to help you. 我很抱歉不能帮助你。

I apologize for not having waited for you. 没有等你,我向你表示歉意。

五、动名词与动词不定式的区别:

1. 作主语或表语时:

动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语,在意义上相近,但动名词多用来表示泛指的抽象的动作或经常性的动作;不定式多用来表示特指或具体的动作,特别是将来的动作。比较:

Smoking is not good for health.   

It is not good for you to smoke so much.

My job is teaching English.

Our task now is to increase food production. 我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。

2.like, hate, prefer等动词后:

如果表示一般倾向,多用动名词做宾语;如指特定的或具体的某次行为,用不定式更多一些。

I like reading books in my spare time.

I like to read that book.

They prefer walking to cycling.

He prefers to stay at home today.

3. 有些动词后即可用动名词也可以不定式做宾语(如like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attempt等)。

有时区别不大,如:

Let’s continue working/to work.

When did you begin learning/to learn English?

但有时两种结构之间含义不同,如remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean, go on等。

He tried speaking English to us. 他试着用英语和我们讲话。

Please try to do it better next time. 下次请设法做得更好些。

This means setting out at once. 这意味着立即出发。

He really meant to come. 他确实打算来的。

4. 在表示“需要”意思的want, need, require, deserve等动词后:当主语表事物时,其后既可用动名词的主动式也可用不定式的被动式表被动含义。

My watch needs repairing/to be repaired.

The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.

The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.

These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.

5.allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等词后,常用动名词做宾语,用不定式做宾语补足语。

We don’t allow smoking here.

Her mother doesn’t allow her to stay up late.

注意:

Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

六、动名词与现在分词的区别

1、动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:

①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事, 此时系动词相当于“是”, 通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变, 例如:

My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)

②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质, 不能与主语互换位置, 但可加very, quite等副词修饰,例如:

The story is (very) interesting. ( 不可改为:Interesting is the story )

③动名词作表语时,不可与进行时态相混淆,如:

Her job is washing clothes. (动名词做表语)

She is washing clothes now. (现在进行时)

2、动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于 

动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较: a swimming boya swimming suit

前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。

 

检测练习

1Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

Ahaving been fined    Bto have been fined  

Cto be fined         Dbeing fined

2I really appreciate ____ to help mebut I am sure that I can manage by myself.

Ayou to offer     Bthat you offer  

Cyour offering    Dthat you are offering

3The thief took away the womans wallet without____

Abeing seen      Bseeing     Chim seeing      Dseeing him

4No one can avoid ____ by advertisements

Ato be influenced     Bbeing influenced  

Cinfluencing         Dhaving influenced

5They are considering ____ before the prices go up

Aof buying the house   Bwith buying the house

Cbuying the house      Dto buy the house

6If I had remembered ____ the door, the things would not have been stolen

Ato lock       Blocking      Cto have locked      Dshavingslocked

7My transistor radio isnt workingIt ____

Aneed repairing       Bneeds to repair    

Cneeds repairing      Dneed to be repaired

8It is no use ____ me not to worry

Ayou tell     Byour telling     Cfor you to have told      Dhaving told

9He is very busy ____ his papersHe is far too busy ____ callers

Ato writeto receive      Bwritingto receive

Cwritingreceiving       Dto writefor receiving

10The suspect at last admitted ____ stolen goods but denied ____ them

Areceiving。。。selling         Bto receive。。。to sell

Cto receiving。。。to selling     Dto have received。。。to have sold

11She apologized for ____ to come

Aher not being able    Bher being not able

Cnot being able       Dthat shes not able to

12Please stop ____boysI have something important to ____ you

Asaying 。。。talk       Btelling 。。。 say

Ctalking 。。。speak     Dtalking 。。。 tell

13Tonywould you go and see if Sam has any difficulty ____ his tape recorder

Ato fix     Bfixing      Cfor fixing     Dfix

14I remember ____ to help us if we ever got in trouble

Aonce offering    Bhim once offering   Chim to offer    Dto offer him

15John regretted ____ to the meeting last week

Anot going    Bnot to go   Cnot having been going    Dnot to be going

16Do you feel like ____ out or would you rather ____ dinner at home

Agoing。。。to have   Bto go…to have  

Cto go…having      Dgoing…have

17We had some trouble ____ the house and nobody seemed ____where it was

Ain finding…knowing      Bfinding…to know

Cto find…knowing         Dto find…to know

19It is no good ____ remember grammatical rulesYou need to practise what you have learned

Atrying to     Bto try to      Ctry to      Dtried to

20I dont like ____ at me

Athem laughing     Btheir laugh   

Cthem laugh        Dthem to have laughed

21We suggested ____ in hotels but the children were anxious ____ out

Asleeping…to camp     Bsleeping…camping

Cto sleep…to camp      Dto sleep…camping

22The match was cancelled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court

Aobjected to having       Bwere objected to have

Cobjected to have        Dwere objected to having

23After ____ him betterI regretted ____ him unfairly

Agetting to know…to judge       Bgetting to know…to have judged

Cgetting to have know…judging    Dgetting to know…having judged

24He is looking forward to ____ his holiday in Britain

Aspend      Bhave spent     Cspending      Dhaving been spending

25)“Why were you so late for work today?”“____ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic。”

ADriving      BI drove     CTo drive      DThat I drove

26It was impolite of him ____without ____goodbye

Ato leavesaying   Bleavingto say  Cto leaveto say   Dleavingsaying

27He kept ____to his parents

Aputting off to write   Bto put off to write 

Cputting off writing    Dto put off writing

 

答案:1-5 DCABC  6-10 ACBBA  11-15 ADBBA  16-20 DBAAA  21-27 AADCA/AC

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