必修5 Unit 1 Grammar语法：  过去分词作定语和表语的用法

课文回顾

 

请分析下列课文句子的过去分词的用法。

①    He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. (Attribute)

② So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. (Attribute) 

③ He became interested in two theories...(Predicative)

 

②    But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. (Attribute)

⑤ Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.(Predicative)

 

⑥ He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle... (Attribute) 

Question:什么是定语？什么是表语？

 

分词的概念

分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语或是状语等。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在“意思”上有主动和被动之分。过去分词一般有被动和完成两大特征。

 

定语的概念：

相当于形容词，相当于形容词，在句中修饰名词或代词的成分。

 

表语的概念:

说明主语的身份、特征或状态；说明主语的身份、特征或状态；位于系动词之后，如be, appear, look, get, become, turn, grow, feel, smell, touch, taste, remain, seem…

 

一、动词过去分词用作定语的位置

 

1.The encouraged people are excited.

 2.John Snow is a well-known physician.

3.He is one of those invited.

4.Nothing reported (in the newspaper) interested him.

5.The girl named May is in our class.

6.We are studying in a school built 14 years ago.

st now.

1、 单个的过去分词或由过去分词构成的复 、合形容词作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面，称为前置定语。

encouraged people

a well-known physician

 

注:单个的过去分词修饰 something, everything, 单个的过去分词修饰 anything, nothing, somebody, nobody等 等不定代词或指示代词those时, 不定代词或指示代词 时 要放在这些词的后面。 要放在这些词的后面。

 

2、过去分词短语作定语、通常放在被修饰词的后面,称为后置定语称为后置定语。通常放在被修饰词的后面称为后置定语。

 

the girl named May

a school built 14 years ago

  

单独的过去分词作定语	常常置于其所修饰的名词前	You should improve your spoken English.
过去分词短语作定语	常常置于其所修饰的名词后	He is a teacher respected by all his students.
不及物动词的过去分词作定语	当与其所修饰的名词构成逻 辑上的动宾关系时，必须在该 动词后使用必要的介词	He is the student laughed at by all people ju

二、过去分词作定语可与相对应的定语从句相互转换

 

例：1、He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.

He found that it came from the river which/ that was polluted by the dirty water from London.

2、We are studying in a school built 14 years ago.

We are studying in a school which / that was built 14 years ago.

 

三、过去分词作定语表示的意义及物动词的过去分词

a used stamp一枚用过的邮票

a broken window一扇破碎的窗户

astonished people受惊吓的人们

a closed door一扇关上的门

 

不及物动词的过去分词

fallen leaves落叶

the risen sun 升起来的太阳

the advanced countries发达国家

a drunk man 一个醉鬼

 

1、及物动词的过去分词作定语时一般兼有、被动和完成的意义。

 

2、不及物动词的过去分词作定语时只有完、不及物动词的过去分词作定语时只有完成意义。

 

四、V- ing与V- ed作定语时的区别

 

1） 语态不同：V-ing表主动含义，V-ed表被动含义。

2） 时间关系不同: V-ing 表示动作正在进行 , V-ed 表示动作已完成。表示动作已完成。

an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演说

the inspired audience 受鼓舞的听众

the falling leaves落叶（正往下落的)

the fallen leaves落叶（已落到地面的)

 

 

3） 及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可表示被动, 但-ed表示一个完成了的动作而being done多表示一个正在进行的动作

①    The problem discussed yesterday has something to do with us.

②The problem being discussed now has something to do with us.

 

动词过去分词作表语

 

1、什么是表语？

 

He became interested in two theories... But he became inspired when he thought about… Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.

 

2、过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：

(1)过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构，被动意味很弱，主要强调主语所处的状态。

(2)被动语态说明主语是动作的承受者，后常跟by短语，强调的是动作。

例： ①The cup is broken. 杯子碎了。(强调杯子目前的状态)

②The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是Tom打碎的。(强调打碎的动作)

 

 

an exciting film一部令人激动的电影

an excited boy一个感到激动的孩子

a disappointing boy一个令人失望的男孩

a disappointed boy一个感到失望的男孩

a disappointed e x pression一种失望的表情

 

He is an interesting person. 他是一个有趣的人。

I am interested in the book. 我对这本书感兴趣。

 

表示情感的动词的现在分词与过去分词作形容词的用法和区别

 

表示情感的动词的现在分词作形容词，其主语通常为（物），有时为（人），常翻译为：令人…… ；

而这类动词的过去分词做形容词，其主语一般为（人），有时为（物），而这种事物仍与人有关， 常翻译为：感到……

 

过去分词的定语和表语功能

定 语	表“完成”或“被动”	boiled water开水　　　　　　 fallen leaves落叶 the risen sun升起的太阳　　 selected apples 精选苹果 spoken English英语口语　　　 iced beer冰镇啤酒 cooked food熟食　　　　　　　 fried chips炸土豆条
	单个的过去分词作定语时， 一般放在被修饰词语之前 (如上例)，也可以放在所 修饰词语的后面。	Hurry up，there is only a little time left.快点，时间不多了。 If you wish everything changed，please say so. 你如果希望改变一切，请说明。
	过去分词短语作定语时， 须将分词放在被修饰的词语之后， 功能相当于一个定语从句。	Near the window，there is a bookshelf filled with many books(=which is filled with many books). 靠近窗户，有一个装满书的书架。 Her daughter，brought up by me(=who was brought up by me)has begun to work  now.由我带大的她的女儿现 在已经参加工作了。
表 语	当“人”作主语时用过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态或思想感情等。	When we heard of it，we weredeeply moved.当我们 听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。
	过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。分词作表语表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示被动的动作。	My glasses are broken. 我的眼镜碎了。 (状态) My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了(动作) On the earth，70% of the surface is covered with water. 地球表面70%是被水覆盖的(状态) I was greatly surprised by a knockat the door. 敲门声使我大为吃惊。(动作)