《初中英语语法大全》第五章形容词
(2014-09-20 18:52:01)
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《初中英语语法大全》第五章
一、概说
形容词是用于描写或修饰名词或代词的词,它可以表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态和属性,在句中可用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。
二、形容词的句法功能
1.
Her
parents are very old.
Everyone was
happy.
2.
He
has a clever son.
We
had a good time
there.
3.
The
news made her sad.
We
found the room
empty.
【说明】这类句型若变为被动语态,形容词则为主语补足语:
She
was made sad by the
news.
4.
He
arrived home, hungry and
tired.
I
went there full of
joy.
三、形容词的位置
1.
(1)
a
beautiful
girl
an
interesting story
cheap
clothes
difficult
problems
(2)
①
Who
is the greatest poet
alive?
②
There must be
something wrong with
it.
Keep
everything useful.
③
The
boy is only five years
old.
The
tree is about 20 meters
tall.
【说明】形容词heavy不用于该结构,如回答How heavy is
the box?
(3)
Do
you have enough money [money
enough]?
We
have enough time [time
enough]
2.
当名词的修饰语不只一个时,我们就得考虑它们的排列顺序问题。在通常情况下,它们的顺序为遵循以下原则:描绘形容词—大小(长短高低)形容词—形状形容词—年龄(新旧)形容词—颜色形容词—国籍形容词—材料形容词—用途(类别)形容词—名词(动名词):
It
was a small yellow wooden
table.
He bought a nice(好看的) small(小小的) round(圆形的) new(新的) brown(褐色的) French (法国产的) oak(橡木做的) writing desk(写字台).
四、表语形容词和定语形容词
1.
所谓表语形容词即指只用于连系动词后作表语,而不能用于名词前作定语的形容词。这类形容词常见的有:
(1)
afraid
ashamed
awake
Don’t be
afraid.
Now
the baby is asleep.
He
was alone in the
house.
若要用作定语且具有以上意义,可改用其他形容词:
误:an asleep child, an ashamed girl, an alive poet
正:a sleeping child, a shy girl, a living poet
(2)
fine
“How's your wife?”
“She’s fine, thank
you.”
He
was ill and couldn’t
come.
【说明】在美国英语中,表示健康状况的ill和well
fine
weather
(3)
glad
sorry
I’m
glad to hear that.
You
will be sorry about this
later.
We
are very pleased with the
plan.
【说明】若用于其他意思,则可用作定语,如
(4)
certain
sure
fond
ready
unable
I’m
certain [sure] he will
come.
He
is fond of music.
We
are ready to do it.
【说明】若用于其他意义,有的也可用作定语,如
a certain
person
2.
所谓定语形容词即指只位于名词前作定语(即前置定语),而不用作表语的形容词,如elder(年岁较大的),eldest(最年长的),daily(每日的),everyday(每日的),last(刚过去的)等:
Janet is Mary's
elder sister.
Her
eldest daughter works in a
bank.
He
is practising everyday
English.
He
went home last
Sunday.
五、–ed形容词和–ing形容词
顾名思义,-ed形容词即指由过去分词转化而来且以-ed结尾的形容词,-ing形容词则指以现在分词转化而来且以-ing结尾的形容词。
关于两者的用法区别,有的同学认为-ed形容词只用于人,-ing形容词只用于物,此说法尽管对初学者来说记忆方便,而且在许多情况下也是可行的,但由于说得太绝对,在许多情况下却是不可靠的。如-ing
I'm
interested in interesting
people.
He
was worried about his worrying
son.
另一方面,-ed
a
frightened
look
a
frightening
look
an
excited
talk
an
exciting
talk
六、形容词比较等级
1.
(1)
原级
tall(高的)
quiet(安静的)
【说明】①
②
early—earlier—earliest。
但是有一个例外,即shy(害羞的)—shyer—shyest。
③
(2)
原级
difficult(困难的)
dangerous(危险的)
【说明】有的双音节形容词(如
2.
原级
good(好的)
well(好,健康的)
bad(坏的)
ill(有病的)
much(多)
many(多)
little(少)
far(远)
3. farther, further与farthest,
furthest
(1)
Which town is
farther [further] from this
city?
What's the farthest
[furthest] distance you've ever
run?
(2)
Are
there any further
questions?
4. elder, eldest与older,
oldest
(1)
old
He
is older than me.
I'm
two years older than
he.
The
church is the oldest building in the
city.
(2)
elder
Who
is the eldest sister?
He
is my elder brother.
【说明】在美国英语中也可用
one's elder
son
one's eldest
son
另外,elder
I'm
the eldest in the
family.
He
was the elder of the two
sons.
5.
不作比较用原级,两者比较用比较级,多者比较用最高级:
He
is very
tall.
He
is very short, but taller than
me.
Among the three
short girls, Mary is the
tallest.
6.
即构成比较级时不能既加词尾-er,又在其前加more;构成最高级时不能既在词尾加-est,又在其前加most:
误:His English is more better than mine.
正:His English is
much better than
mine.
【说明】虽不能说more better, most
earliest
It’s
getting warmer and
warmer.
The
city is becoming more and more
beautiful.
7.
请看下面两道题:
(1) Her music is more beautiful than ______.
A.
me
此题应选D,其中的his=his music。因为从逻辑上说,应该是her music与his music作比较,而不是her music与me, you, us比较。
(2)
A.
any
此题应选C,因为China也在Asia范围内,所以应在any后加上other,以排除自己比自己大的不合理逻辑。
8.
比较级前通常不用冠词,但有时也用,这主要见于以下情形:
(1)
This
watch is too expensive. Would you show me a cheaper
one?
(2)
Of
the two brothers, the younger is more
clever.
(3)
The
sooner, the better.
The
more a man has, the more he
wants.
9.
(1)
He
is the tallest boy in the
class.
This
computer is most expensive in this
shop.
(2)
This
room is (the) best.
但是,当处于表语位置的最高级带有比较范围或限定性修饰语时,其前的the通常不能省去:
This
room is the best in this
hotel.
(3)
He’s
busiest on
Sunday.
He’s
the busiest of all the
people.
10.
(1)
This
is very much cheaper.
Do
you feel any better
today?
This
one is even more
expensive.
(2)
He
is far more careful than I
am.
He
is almost the tallest
here.
This
is much the worst book of
all.
【说明】very不能修饰比较级,却可修饰最高级,但它与一般的修饰最高级的副词有所不同,即它要放在最高级前的定冠词之后,而不是之前:
This
is the very best one.
另外,second, third等也要放在定冠词之后:
The
Yellow River is the second longest river
in
11.
as…as
该结构的意思是“与…一样”,其间应接形容词原级,不能用比较级或最高级:
He
is as tall as his
father.
He
is as busy as
before.
在否定句中第一个as也可换成so,其意为“不如”:
He
is not as [so] tall as his
father.
He
is not as [so] busy as
before.
12. more than
两者均可用于表示数量,more than指“比…多”或“多于”,less than指“比…少”或“不到”:
He
is more than 50 years
old.
Two
eyes can see more than
one.
It's
less than a mile to the
station.
She
eats less than she
should.
【说明】more
than
He
is more than a father to
her.
They
were more than glad to
help.
七、实力训练题
1.
(1)
nice
______________________
(2) fat ____________________
(3)
slow _____________________
(5)
happy
____________________
(6) wet ____________________
(7)
much
____________________
(8) ill _____________________
(9)
little _____________________
(11) thin ______________________ (12) far ____________________
(13) early _____________________ (14) careful_________________
(15) exciting ___________________ (16) busy __________________
2.
(1) Mr. Smith is _________ man in this office. (rich)
(2) Winter is _________ season of the years. (cold)
(3) This radio is not so ________ as that one. (cheap)
(4) It is much _______ today than yesterday. (hot)
(5) She is a little ________ than her classmates. (careful)
(6) ________ people came to the meeting than last time. (many)
(7) Which book is ________, this one or that one? (easy)
(8) My room is _______ than yours. (small)
(9)
Hainan is _______
from
(10) Skating is _______ than swimming. (exciting)
(11) Jim is _______ than all the others. (honest)
(12) Things are getting _______ and _______. (bad)
(13) The higher you climb, the _______ it will be. (cold)
(14) Now his life is becoming ________ and _______. (difficult)
(15) There are _______ boys than girls in our class. (few)
3.
(1) It was really a(n) _______ story.
A.
afraid
(2) Everyone was _______ in the _______ news.
A.
interesting,
interesting
B. interested, interested
C.
interesting,
interested
D. interested, interesting
(3) Look the _______ baby. ______ lovely it is!
A.
sleeping,
What
B. sleeping, How
C.
asleep,
What
D. asleep, How
(4) My pronunciation is poor, but his is even _______.
A.
better
C.
good
(5)
Which town is _______ from
here,
A.
far
C.
farthest
(6) She knows _______ about history than most people.
A.
more
C.
most
(7) It takes _______ time to go there by plane than by train.
A.
little
C.
less
(8) To my joy, it was much _______ than I thought.
A.
more
easy
C.
much
easy
(9) The house is not ________ for so many people. We must find ______ one.
A.
big enough, a
bigger
B. enough big, a bigger
C.
big enough,
bigger
D. enough big, bigger
(10)
A.
any
C.
other
参考答案:1. (1) nicer /
nicest
2.
(1) richest
3.
(1)—(5) CDBBB