加载中…独立主格结构的用法
(2014-05-10 15:28:23)
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独立主格结构的用法 |
分类： 英语语法 |
独立主格结构的用法
一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：
1.
2.
3.
二. 构成
独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需要特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构基本构成形式为：
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/名词/介词短语）
英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。下面谈谈英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式。
1. 名词或代词+现在分词
名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如：
The
question being settled, we went
home.
We
shall play the match tomorrow, weather
permitting.
The
monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting
off.
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。
All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。
We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
The
question being settled, we went
home.
We
shall play the match tomorrow, weather
permitting.
The
monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting
off.
注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如：
Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
2. 名词或代词+过去分词
名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如：
The
job finished, we went
home.
The
last bus having gone, we had to walk
home.
More
time given, we should have done the job much
better.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间)
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况)
Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。(表条件)
As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。(表除外)
Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。
This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。
The
job finished, we went
home.
The
last bus having gone, we had to walk
home.
More
time given, we should have done the job much
better.
3. 名词或代词+不定式
名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
Nobody to come
tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next
week.
So
many people to help him, he is sure to
succeed.
We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。(表伴随)
He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。
4. 名词或代词+形容词或副词
形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
He put on his sweater, wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
5.名词或代词+介词短语
介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：
The
soldiers dashed in, rifle in
hand.
A
girl came in, book in
hand.
He
was waiting, his eyes on her
back.
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。
The
soldiers dashed in, rifle in
hand.
6独立主格类型：There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing
else to do, we went
home.
There being no
further business, I declare the meeting
closed.
7. 独立主格类型：It being +名词（代词）
It
being Christmas, the government offices were
closed.
It
being a holiday, all the shops were
shut.
三. 与状语从句的转换
英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。
点睛: 独立主格结构与分词短语都可以作状语且都可以转化成状语从句。但独立主格结构转化成状语从句时，从句的主语与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化成状语从句时，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
E.g. Time permitting, we’d better have a rest this weekend.
→If time permits, we’d better have a rest this weekend.
Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.
→When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.
1.
The
work done (=After the work had been done), we went
home.
2.
Weather permitting
(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach
tomorrow.
3.
An
important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture
will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the
night.
4.
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.
A
hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with
cold).
We
redoubled our efforts, each man working like
two.
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。
四、独立主格结构的句中的作用
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
(1)
The
work
The meeting over, they left the hall.会议结束了，他们离开了大厅。The clock striking eight, they began working.(时间状语)
The rain being over, we continued to march.(时间状语)
(2)
Weather
Time permitting, I shall go to the cinema with you.
如果时间允许的话，我会和你一起去看电影。
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。
An
important lecture
My watch having been lost, I didn’t know what time it was.
我的表丢了，我不知道几点钟了。
He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
He
was lying on the grass, his hands
Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
A
hunter came in, his face
Mary entered the room, her hands in her pockets.玛丽走进房间，手放在口袋里。
1.
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2.
(1)
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3.
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4.
The
chief-editor arriving, we began the
meeting.
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5.
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
6.
在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中做表示方式的状语，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。形容词性物主代词有：my（我的），your（你的、你们的），our（我们的），his（他的），her（她的），its（它的），their（他们的）。
如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.
比较：独立主格结构与 with 合结构。如：
Don’t sleep with
the windows open.
He
stood before his teacher with his head
down.
He
was lying on the bed with all his clothes
on.
She
came in
He
fell asleep with the lamp
burning.
I
won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being
ill.
He
sat there with his eyes
closed.
All
the afternoon he worked with the door
locked.
I
can’t go out with all these clothes to
wash.
练习
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.(2007年山东卷)
A.
has been
launched
B. having been launched
C.
being
launched
D. to be launched
此题答案为 B。考查独立主格结构的用法。由于句子中没有连词，所以不能选 A。又因为动作于去年的三月底就已经发生，所以不能选表示未来动作的 D 和表示进行动作的 C。
(1)用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
①The
test
②Weather
(2)完成句子
①He
came into the room, his
ears
②He came out of the library, a book
答案：(1)①finished②permitting
(2)①red with cold②under his arm
选择题
1. Tom came home, ___ .
A. a
dog following
him
B. a dog followed him
C.
being followed
him
D. a dog was followed him
2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.
A.
considered
C.
to consider
3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.
A.
to rise
C.
having risen
4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.
A.
to give
C. being given D. given
5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.
A.
permits
C. to permit D. permitted
6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
A.
being
C.
been
7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.
A.
to be
C.
been
8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.
A.
to cross
C.
crossing
9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
A.
having been
C.
to be
10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.
A.
being
C.
been
【参考答案】1—5 AACDB
1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to
take
2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.
A. will
come
3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directly
A. to
be
4. --- They sat still in the room, ___.
--- Why did they do like that?
A.
drawing the
curtains
B. with the curtains drawn
C.
with the curtains
drawing
D. having the curtains drawn
5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.
A.
has
risen
C.
has raised
6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.
A. has been
launched
C. being
launched
7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.
A.
comes
out
C.
coming out
8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.
A. to
disappoint
C.
disappointing
9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.
A.
filled
C.
to
fill
10． John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .
A.
finished
C.
having finished
11. ___ , I
A.
Mother being ill
C.
As mother was ill
12. With so many books ___ , I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.
A. to
read
13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done .
A. with his dropping
head
C. raising his
head
14. Winter ___ , it is time to buy warm clothes .
A
.has come on
C.
coming on
15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.
A. close,
tremble
C. closing,
trembling
16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .
A.
leaving
17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .
A. for
18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.
A. to go
19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A. Because
of
20. Tom came home, ___ .
A. a dog following
him
C. being followed
him
参考答案：
BCDBB
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