“特殊疑问词+不定式”的用法
(2014-04-15 10:29:59)
标签:
“特殊疑问词不定式教育 |
分类: 英语语法 |
一、弄清句法功能
“疑问词+不定式”是英语中一个很有用的结构,尤其在口语中用得很频繁。该结构在句子中主要用作宾语,有时也可用作主语或表语等。基本用法说明
疑问词what, which, who, when, where, how及连接副词whether与不定式连用而形成一个短语,这个短语相当于一个名词,可在句中做句子的主语、宾语或表语等。如:
A
traffic light tells us when to cross the
road.
When to start has not been
decided.
The question is how to carry out the
plan.
第一句中的when to cross the road用作动词tell的宾语,第二句中的when to start用作句子主语,第三句中的how to carry out the plan用于连系动词后作表语。
He didn’t know how to answer
her.
When to start has not been
decided.
I
don’t know who to ask advice
from.
Would you please advise me which to
buy?
Please explain (to me) where to
begin and how to do
it.
They exchanged views on the question
of whom to
elect.
He asked me how to open the
box.
You have to consider what to do
next.
How did you know where to find
me?
You’ll learn when to use that
construction.
二,在句子中的位置
一、用作主语。如:
When to start has not been
decided.
What to read is an important
question.
How to begin is more difficult than
where to
stop.
What to do is not decided yet. 该做什么还没有确定。
How to begin is more difficult than where to stop. 如何开始比到哪里停止还困难。
Where
二、用作表语。如:
The question
is
The question is how to carry out the
plan.
The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困难在于如何过河。
三、用作宾语。如:
1.
He asked
She couldn’t think what to
say.
Our teacher
explained
Do you know when to start? 你知道什么时候开始吗?
I showed her which button to press. 我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。
He
You
2.
advise,
.
He
Will
I’ll show you how to do
it.
She kindly advised
me
My sister taught me how to fold
paper into a
crane.
3.
I
have no idea of how to do
it.
Bill said something to her about
what to
do.
I
found a book on
She was worried about how to fill her leisure time. 她为如何打发她的闲暇时间而发愁。
You
Della
四.
She
I
五.
三、“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构可以把复合句转为简单句。如:
I
=
The
=
=
The
=
四、“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”这种结构可构成独立问句。如:
四、记住why这个特例
只要语义允许,我们原则上可以根据需要选用疑问词用于“疑问词+不定式”结构中,但这有一个例外,也是唯一的例外,那就是why。如:
注意:按英语习惯,疑问词why后面通常不接不定式。但在以why或why
not
他向我解释了他为什么迟到的原因。
误:He explained to me why to be late.
正:He explained to me why he was late.
疑问词why后面不能接带to的不定式。但是,如果跟一个不带to的不定式(即动词原形)则是完全可以的。如:
Why
not try again?
Why
get upset just because you got a bad
mark?
You’re looking tired. Why not take a
holiday?
Why not go there at
once?
Why argue with
her?
【注】这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来,不用于谈论过去:
误:Why not clean the room yesterday?
正:Why didn’t you clean the room
yesterday?
不过,why后面可以跟不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形),用以表示某动作是不必要的或无意义的。如:
Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value. 为什么花更多的钱到其他商店去买呢? 我们这里最物美价廉。
另外,why后面不带to的动词不定式有时也可能是否定的,该结构主要用来提出建议。如:
You’re looking tired. Why not take a holiday? 你一脸倦容,怎么不休假呢?
五、警惕易错的几个词
易错一:在汉语中,我们说“做某事”和“如何做某事”是不同的,后者侧重做事方法,其中的“如何”译为英语就是how。如:
He
discovered
但是在英语中,有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时,how可省略,意思不变。如:
Any
child can learn (how) to
swim.
My
mother taught me (how) to play the
piano.
Did
you learn (how) to drive a
car?
以上两句中的how均可省略,这主要与所搭配的动词learn, teach有关。原则上说,这类用法不会对我们的使用造成困难,因为即使我们弄不清楚,反正用不用how都没关系。但是,下面的句子就非常值得注意了——汉语句子中不一定有“如何”的意味,但英语句子中的how却不可省略
但是,有些动词后面接“疑问词how+不定式”作宾语时,尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出,但却不能将
He
knows
He
showed her how to swim.
Soon
you’ll find out
We
never discovered how to open the
box.
Can
you explain
我不知道这台像机怎么用。
误:I don’t know to use this camera.
正:I don’t know how to use this camera.
你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗?
误:Can you explain to make a cake?
正:Can you explain how to make a cake?
易错二:与动词think连用有何特别之处
“疑问词+不定式”结构,通常不用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后(如进行式)。如:
I’m thinking what to do next. 我在想接下来要做什么。
另外,“疑问词+不定式”结构也通常用于还有助动词的think之后。如:
She couldn’t think what to say. 她想不出该说什么。
She couldn’t think what to give the children for Christmas. 她想不出圣诞节该送孩子们什么礼物。
易错三:与动词know连用要注意什么
当要表示知道如何做某事,know之后不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语,此时可改用know how to结构。如:
我会做西班牙式的摊鸡蛋。
误:I know to make Spanish omelettes.
正:I know how to make Spanish omelettes.
易错四:与某些只接动名词作宾语的动词连用
有些动词可以接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语,但通常不直接跟不定式作宾语。这类动词主要有consider (考虑), discover (发现), discuss (讨论), explain (说明), find (out) (查到), know (知道), observe (观察), suggest (提议), wonder (怀疑), understand (了解)等。如:
Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?
Our teacher explained how to use the machine. 老师向我们说明如何使用这台机器。
We discussed what to do and where we should go. 我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去。
你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗?
误:Can you explain to make a cake?
正:Can you explain how to make a cake
易错五:which to do 的两种用法
要注意“which+不定式”结构,其中的which有时是疑问词。如:
I can’t decide which to choose. 我不能决定选哪个好。
Did you ask her which to buy? 你问没问她该买哪一个?
有时可能是关系代词,相当于一个省略的定语从句,此时主要用于介词后作宾语。如:
She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必须有冷静下来的时间。
Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一点时间来卸装。
这两句中的which to…也可改为定语从句(www.hxen.com):
She must have time in which she can grow calm.
Allow me one minute in which I can change my costumes.
易错六.这种结构中的疑问副词后要接不及物动词;若接及物动词, 要有动词的宾语。
I don't know how to talk. 我不知如何谈。
I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. 不知您能否告诉我如何去做这件事。(不能说: ... how to do.)
B7u5
I
What
误:Do you expect when you will leave?
误:Do you expect when to leave?
正:When do you
expect to leave?I expected to have come early, but I missed the
early bus. canteen between
lectures.
等属于“疑问词+不定式”结构。它的作用相当于一个名词性从句,主要用在一些动词如know,
①I
②He
④She
⑤You
[巩固练习]
I. 单项填空。
( ) 1. I’m going on a field trip but I haven’t decided__________.
(2007年河南)
A. what to doB. to do what
C. where to go D. to go where
( ) 2. —This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me
________, Wang Lin?
—Sure. (2008年陕西)
A. what to work it out
B. what to work out it
C. how to work it out
D. how to work out it
( )3. Excuse me. Would you please tell me ________ buy a digital
camera? (2007年安徽)
A. what toB. where to
C. what I canD. where can I
II. 用“疑问词+不定式”改写下列句子。
4.How we should do it was discussed last
night.
__________ was discussed last night.
5. I didn’t know where I should go.
I didn’t know ____________.
6. The difficulty was how we should cross the
river.
The difficulty was ____________ .
III. 根据汉语补全下列英语译文。
7. 何时动身还不知道。
____________ is unknown.
8. 我忘了该怎么办。
I forgot___________.
9. 我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。
I can tell you_________.
Keys:
I. 1-3 CCB
II. 4. How to do it 5. where to go
6. how to cross the river
III. 7. When to start 8. what to do 9. where to buy(get) this
book
巩固练习:
I.用“疑问词+不定式”改写下列句子。
①How we should do it was discussed last night.
____ was discussed last night.
②I didn't know where I should go.
I didn't know ____ .
③The difficulty was how we should cross the river.
The difficulty was ____ .
II.根据汉语补全下列英语译文。
①何时动身还不知道。
____ is unknown.
②我忘了该怎么办。
I forgot ____ .
③我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。
I can tell you ____ .
Keys:I.① How to do it②where to go ③ how to cross the river
II.①When to start②what to do③ Where to buy(get)this book