定语从句中引导词只用that, which, who的情况

 

一．只用that做引导词

1. 当先行词指物时是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时如ones，much, little, none, all, few, little every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)，the one, all,等时，通常用that：

All that can be done has been done.
I didn't want this recorder; I want the one that was borrowed yesterday.

All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是训练。

Have you everything that you need?  你需要的东西都有了吗?

The sleeping man’s subconscious mind retained everything that was said around him. 这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话。

She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。

These are the ones that have been picked out for the children.

这是给孩子们挑选的一些。

You can borrow any book that you want to read in our school library.在我们图书馆，你可以借任何你想读的书。

The only thing that he could do was to run away. 他唯一要做的就是逃跑。 
There are no people that things must not happen to. 不碰到事故的人是没有的。 

All that we have to do is to practise every day.我们每天必须都做的就是练习。

I have read all the books (that)you gave me.我读完了你给我的所有的书。

 Is there anything that you want to buy in town? 你有什么东西要在城里买吗？    

 Nothing that the teacher does doesn’t influence his students. 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。  

 There's no difficulty that we can't overcome.
I've read all the books that can be borrowed here.

 

 

2. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。

This is the very man that I want to see.

Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。

He is the only person that I want to talk to.他是我惟一想交谈的人

This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。

3. 当指物的先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：

The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我永远不会忘记我学的第一课。

The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。  

 I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父亲是一个世上最简朴最努力工作的人。

This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。  

This is the most beautiful city that I've ever seen.这是我见过的最漂亮的城市。

This is the first letter that I've written in English.
She is the most careful girl that I've ever known.

This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。

4. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：

China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。

Shanghai isn't the city that it used to be 60 years ago.
He is no longer the man that he used to be.

5. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

They talked of things and persons that they remembered.他们谈起了记忆中的人和事。

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。  

The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。

He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.他望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。 
Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。 

6.主句以there be 开头或关系代词在there be…结构中作真正主语，先行词为物时

There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 角落里还有一个空着的位子

There are two books on history that are for you.
The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever been.

7．当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时，要避免重复引导词只能用that。如：

Who is the woman that you talked with just now? 刚跟你谈话的那妇女是？

Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？

Who is the man that is waiting at the school gate?
Which is the car that ran over a dog yesterday?

What did you see that made you so angry?

Who is the man that is talking to John?那个和约翰说话的人是谁？

Who was it the man that you danced with last night? 昨天晚上和你一起跳舞的那个人是谁？ 
Who is it the girl that often comes to school early? 常常早到校的那个女孩是谁？ 
Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？  

8.如果which引导的定语从句中又含有一个定语从句，为避免重复，第二个定语从句用that。如：

They built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.

10．the same as 与 the same that

the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：

She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)

She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)

11.当先行词是基数词，指物时

Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.

 

小结：

在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　

先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

先行词既有人，又有物时。

另外：

that也可用作关系副词，表示时间、地点、原因和方式，在口语中可以用来代替when, where, why 引导的定语从句。在以下名词day, year, time, moment, reason, place等作先行词时，可用that作关系副词引导定语从句。如：

I'll never forget the day (that) I joined the League.

我永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。

Is this the reason (that) they were late for the meeting?

这就是他们开会迟到的原因吗？

We want to find a place (that) we can have a picnic.

我们想找一个我们能野餐的地方。

This is the first time that I have been abroad for traveling.

这是我第一次到国外去旅游。

（注：先行词是time,前面有序数词或last修饰时，常用that引导定语从句或者省略。）

当先行词为表示方式的词the way时，可用that引导定语从句, that常可以省略。

I don't the way you speak to her.

我不喜欢你和她说话那种方式。

巩固练习：

1. This is the same book______ I lost the other day. There's my name on it.

A. that      B. as      C. /       D. which

2. I hope that the little _______ I have been able to do does good to them all.

A. which   B. what    C. that   D. when

3. The first place ______ the children were taken to see was their workshop.

A. that    B. which    C. what    D. where

4. Tell me everything _________ you know.

A. which                   B. about that

C. about which       D. that

5. This is the biggest library ______ I have ever seen.

A. which    B. what    C. where    D. that

6. This is the very person _______I am looking for.

A. which   B. that   C. who    D. whom

7. What surprised me was not what he said but _________ he said it.

A．the way           B．in the way that

C．in the way      D．the way which

8. This is all ________ I can do for you.

A. which     B. what     C. it     D. /

9. The book doesn't say much _______ amuses children.

A. what    B. that    C. whose    D. to which

10. There is nothing about him ________ I know of.

A. that      B. which      C. whom     D. who

 

 

 

 

参考答案：

1～5 ACADD 6～10 BADBA

完成句子

 

 

 

二、只用which作引导词的情况  

1. 引导非限制性定语从句时：

The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。

The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。

2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时：

 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which。例如：  
 The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
 This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。  

She may be late，in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。

The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。

This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。

注意： 

1）如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 例如： This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。  

2）有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：

He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。

He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。

3．当先行词本身是that时

What’s that which flashed in the sky?

 

 

4.先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。例如：  
    　　Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。  
    　　A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。  

 

 

 

 

三．只用who作引导词的情况

 (1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：

My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。

I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.

I want him, who knows some English and French. 我要他，他懂得些英语和法语。 
I will pardon you, who are honest. 我愿意宽恕你，你是诚实的。 

(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：

Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？

There 's only one student in the school who I want to see.
Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?

(3) 当先行词为people和Persons时，只能用who (whom)。如：

Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.好争者被轻视。 

(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all those或被those修饰等指人时，，指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：

One who does not work hard will never succeed.
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.

Those who are for my plan , please put up your hands.同意我的计划的人请举手。 
Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.

Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这

Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌

He who has not reached the Great Wall isn't a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 
All who had seen this film were moved.看过这部电影的人都受感动。 

 

(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：

The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。

(6)  在there be句型中名词是人的定语从句多用who (whom)。如：

There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过。

There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.

(7)  当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时且先行项都为人时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：

The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。

 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.