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情态动词表示推测的用法和区别

(2012-02-04 01:30:16)
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杂谈

分类: 词类

情态动词表示推测的用法和区别  

  讲解一

 

1. 肯定的推测一般用must, should, may(might)或could(不用can),其中,must的语气最强,译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”;should的语气次之,译为“很可能”、“应该”,指按常理推测;may(might),could的语气最弱,译为“也许”、“可能”。

  ①Helen _______ go on the trip with us but she isn’t quite sure yet. (2005年安徽卷)

  A. shall        B. must        C. may          D. can

  ②—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.

  —It ___ Harry’s. He always wears green. (2005年广东卷)

  A. has to be      B. will be      C. mustn’t be         D. could be

  ③I have lost one of my gloves. I _______ it somewhere.(2005年北京春季卷)

  A. must drop                 B. must have dropped

  C. must be dropping          D. must have been dropped

  ④If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005年湖北卷)

  A. would        B. could         C. had to     D. ought to

  2. 否定推测分为两种情况:

  1)语气不很肯定时,常用may not, might not或could not,译为“可能不”、“也许不”。

  You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture. (2004年上海春季卷)

  A. must         B. shall     C. may            D. need

  2)否定语气较强时,则用can’t,译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”,表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩。

  ①—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.

  —Well. He ______ have gone far——his coat’s still here.(2005年湖北卷)

  A. shouldn’t       B. mustn’t         C. can’t         D. wouldn’t

  ②— Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?

  — No, it _______ be him I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses. (2004年全国卷Ⅰ)

  A. can’t           B. must not         C. won’t       D. may not

  3. 疑问句中的推测,往往用can或could。

  Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?(2001年上海春季卷)

  A. can          B. should           C. may            D. must

  4. 对已发生事情的肯定推测常用“must, may, might等+完成式”;否定推测常用“can, could, may, might等+完成式”。

  ①I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005年重庆卷)

  A. should have been doing            B. must have been doing

  C. could have done                   D. would have done

  ②He _______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by seaside. (2005年北京卷)

  A. should            B. must         C. wouldn’t   D. can’t

  ③—Tom is never late for work. Why is be absent today?

  —Something ________ to him. (2005年江西卷)

  A. must happen                    B. should have happened

  C. could have happened            D. must have happened

  ④ My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he_____ have attended your lecture.(2000年上海卷)

  A. couldn’t        B. needn’t    C. mustn’t       D. shouldn’t

   讲解二

 

情态动词must, will, would, ought to, should, can, could, may, might都有表推测的用法,除了can只用于现在或过去时间外,其它各词都可以对过去、现在或将来的情况是否发生,做出语气强弱不同的猜测。分析历年高考试题,我们不难发现高考对情态动词推测这一用法的考查“情有独钟”。考点主要集中对被猜测时间的确定和对语气强弱的把握上。因此,在运用情态动词进行猜测时,我们应着重把握以下两点:
一、确定被猜测时间,正确判断动词时态形式
1.对现在或将来的情况进行猜测,用“情态动词+do”的形式;对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行猜测,用“情态动词+be doing”的形式。如:
①He may/ might come tomorrow.明天他可能会来。(将来)
②He may/ might know it.他可能知道这事。(现在)
③He may/ might be waiting for you now.他可能正在等你。(现在进行)
④He may/ might be waiting for you when you get there tomorrow.明天你到那里时,他可能会在等着你。(将来进行)
2. 对过去或已发生的情况进行猜测,用“情态动词+have done”的形式;对过去进行或现在完成进行的情况进行猜测用“情态动词+have been doing”的形式。如:
①He might have seen the film yesterday.昨天他可能已看了那部影片了。(过去)
②He may/ might have arrived in Beijing by now.现在他可能已到达北京了。(现在完成)
③He might have been waiting for you when you phoned him.你给他打电话时,他可能已在等你了。(过去完成进行)
二、把握猜测语气特点,选择恰当情态动词
1. 熟记情态动词的语气特点和用法限制。
1)表示肯定的猜测时,各情态动词语气强弱如下:
最强——must(一定)
will (很有可能)
would(很有可能)
ought to(应该,很有可能)
should(应该,很有可能)
can(可能)
could(可能)
may(可能)
最弱——might(可能)
2)表示否定的猜测时can't / couldn't语气最强,指“不可能”;may / might not语气最弱,意思是“可能不”。
3)一些情态动词表猜测时的用法限制。
must只用于肯定句;
may/ might一般不用于疑问句;
could可用于各种句式;而can多用于否定句、疑问句,用于肯定句时,多指“客观可能性”。如:
Lightning can be very dangerous.闪电可能会非常危险。
2. 把握题干猜测语气的强弱。
题干中如果有客观依据,应该选择猜测语气最强的情态动词;如果没有客观依据,则应选择猜测语气最弱的情态动词。如:
—Are you coming to Jeff's party?
—I'm not sure. I ________go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would
C. should D.might
本题中的猜测没有客观依据。说话人对是否会去参加聚会还没拿定主意,去听音乐会也仅仅是有可能而已。因此,应选语气最弱项,答案为D。
另外,在特定的语境中,一些“情态动词+have done”不再对一件事情是否发生进行猜测,而是对已发生的事表达自己的看法,
有时具有一定的感情色彩。
①ought to/ should have done本该做(却未做);oughtn't to/ shouldn't have done本不该做(却做了),含有“责备”之意。如:
You shouldn't have done that; I had warned you of that several times.我已多次警告你,你本不该那么做的。
②might have done本可以做(却没有),有时表示很委婉的责备。如:
You might have phoned me, though you were busy then.你再忙也该给我打个电话。
③could have done本可能(却没有)如:
He could have caught the early bus, but he was delayed by helping a stranger.他本能够赶上早班车;他是因为帮一个陌生人而晚点的。
④would(not) have done本想做(却没做)/本不想做(却做了)。如:
I would have helped you, but I was too busy.我本想帮你,可我太忙了。

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