经济第21章总结
(2014-01-23 14:07:33)分类: 经济学要点 |
一。desired aggregate expenditure (AE)和 actual expenditures
两个概念的区别。
desired aggregate expenditure (AE ): The sum of desired or planned spending on domestic output by households,firms, governments, and foreigners. 是期望和计划的,和实际发生的还是有区别的。
这就牵扯出下面这句话:National income accounts measure actual expenditures in each of the four expenditure categories. National income theory deals with desired expenditures in each of these four categories.
也就是实际统计中用actual expenditures,desired expenditures用于理论研究中。
第22章研究的是一个最简化的短期宏观模型,也就是在desired aggregate expenditure的四个构成部分中只考虑消费和投资。而且是一个closed economy ,不包括政府部门和外贸,所以要注意本章建立的简单某些模型是只有私人部门的消费和投资的,第23章在这一简单模型基础上加上政府部门和外贸,又得出一个复杂些的,与实际又接近一下的模型。经济学就是这样经常做简化假设得出一些模型结论,虽然与实际有出入,但可以反映基本理论结果,在此基础上再慢慢加上实际生活中的情况,看看理论模型会产生什么变化趋势,从而得出更接近实际的一些模型结论。这一经济学的研究特点要注意。
下面就开始研究这一简单模型:简化后的 AE = C + I 也就是 desired expenditures 可以分成消费和投资两个部分分别研究,分别考察Desired Consumption Expenditure 和Desired Investment Expenditure,看看他们都受什么因素影响而发生变化,这样以后每个引起这两项变化的一岁因素就都会一起 AE 的变化。
影响Desired Consumption Expenditure的因素是:* disposable income
* wealth
* interest rates
* expectations about the future
影响Desired Investment Expenditure的因素是:* inventory investment
* residential investment
* new plant and equipment
所以这七种因素的变化都会一起 AE 的变化。
首先来分析Desired Consumption Expenditure,在这个简单模型里,最强调的是 disposable income 对 Desired Consumption 的影响。得出如下的结论:Holding constant other determinants of desired Consumption, an increase
in disposable income is assumed to lead to an increase in desired
consumption.也就是两者是正相关的关系,
图表Figure 21-2 是一个假设的情况,只是为了简化表达,实际不一定严格是线性的关系,但理论研究经常用线性表达,便于列出表达式,但是主要表示正相关的关系是一致的。所以你知道就行了,做题考试时就和书上一样用线性表达就行了。
注意图表Figure 21-2 中图的横坐标是 disposable income 。
概念The average propensity to consume (APC),APC = C/YD
The marginal
propensity to consume (MPC),MPC = C/YD (delta号烤不过来)
这些概念要理解,要会计算,会有填表计算题,
图中的THE 45 LINE.要理解意义:这条线上每点Desired Consumption Expenditure和disposable income相等,
The 45 line is a useful reference line. In part (i) of Figure 21-2, the consumption function cuts the 45 line at what is called the break-even level of income in this example, at $150 billion.When the consumption function is above the 45 line, desired consumption exceeds disposable income. In this case, desired saving must be negative; households are financing their consumption either by spending out of their accumulated saving or by borrowing funds. When the consumption function is below the 45 line,desired consumption is less than disposable income and so desired saving is positive; households are paying back debt or accumulating assets. At the break-even level of disposable income, desired consumption exactly equals disposable income and so desired
saving is zero.
这段话是书上的,我觉得你应该学一学表达,以为一些解释相关经济行为的简单题都会有关 THE 45 LINE 的关系这是一个简单解释的范本,望重视。
除了disposable income对 Desired Consumption Expenditure(AE)有影响,wealth, interest rates,
and households expectations about the future 都对 AE 有影响,比如 wealth:An increase in household wealth shifts the consumption function up; a decrease in wealth shifts the consumption function down.
这些都是书上黄框里的结论,在这里就不一一列出了,所以每一个黄框里的结论都要记住,而且要会活用,用来解释对AE变动的影响。
不知你注意到没有,四个影响AE 的因素,disposable income的变化使得AE沿着图上AE直线移动,而其他三项,weaith, interest rates, housholds expectations about future的变化引起的是AE直线的移动,这个要引起注意,看图Figure 21-3.还有书上对各种因素引起变化的解释要看,简单题会用得上,遇题不要慌,要先分析属于那种因素,再根据相应因素对AE的影响规律进行解释或画图。
下面看Desired Investment Expenditure对 desired aggregate expenditure
(AE)的影响:
先把投资分解为三类inventory investment,residential investment,new plant and equipment
影响Desired Investment Expenditure的因素是:* inventory investment
desired aggregate expenditure (AE ): The sum of desired or planned spending on domestic output by households,firms, governments, and foreigners. 是期望和计划的,和实际发生的还是有区别的。
这就牵扯出下面这句话:National income accounts measure actual expenditures in each of the four expenditure categories. National income theory deals with desired expenditures in each of these four categories.
也就是实际统计中用actual expenditures,desired expenditures用于理论研究中。
第22章研究的是一个最简化的短期宏观模型,也就是在desired aggregate expenditure的四个构成部分中只考虑消费和投资。而且是一个closed economy ,不包括政府部门和外贸,所以要注意本章建立的简单某些模型是只有私人部门的消费和投资的,第23章在这一简单模型基础上加上政府部门和外贸,又得出一个复杂些的,与实际又接近一下的模型。经济学就是这样经常做简化假设得出一些模型结论,虽然与实际有出入,但可以反映基本理论结果,在此基础上再慢慢加上实际生活中的情况,看看理论模型会产生什么变化趋势,从而得出更接近实际的一些模型结论。这一经济学的研究特点要注意。
下面就开始研究这一简单模型:简化后的 AE = C + I 也就是 desired expenditures 可以分成消费和投资两个部分分别研究,分别考察Desired Consumption Expenditure 和Desired Investment Expenditure,看看他们都受什么因素影响而发生变化,这样以后每个引起这两项变化的一岁因素就都会一起 AE 的变化。
影响Desired Consumption Expenditure的因素是:* disposable income
影响Desired Investment Expenditure的因素是:* inventory investment
所以这七种因素的变化都会一起 AE 的变化。
首先来分析Desired Consumption Expenditure,在这个简单模型里,最强调的是 disposable income 对 Desired Consumption 的影响。得出如下的结论:Holding constant other determinants of desired
图表Figure 21-2 是一个假设的情况,只是为了简化表达,实际不一定严格是线性的关系,但理论研究经常用线性表达,便于列出表达式,但是主要表示正相关的关系是一致的。所以你知道就行了,做题考试时就和书上一样用线性表达就行了。
注意图表Figure 21-2 中图的横坐标是 disposable income 。
概念The average propensity to consume (APC),APC = C/YD
这些概念要理解,要会计算,会有填表计算题,
图中的THE 45 LINE.要理解意义:这条线上每点Desired Consumption Expenditure和disposable income相等,
The 45 line is a useful reference line. In part (i) of Figure 21-2, the consumption function cuts the 45 line at what is called the break-even level of income in this example, at $150 billion.When the consumption function is above the 45 line, desired consumption exceeds disposable income. In this case, desired saving must be negative; households are financing their consumption either by spending out of their accumulated saving or by borrowing funds. When the consumption function is below the 45 line,desired consumption is less than disposable income and so desired saving is positive; households are paying back debt or accumulating assets. At the break-even level of disposable income, desired consumption exactly equals disposable income and so desired
saving is zero.
这段话是书上的,我觉得你应该学一学表达,以为一些解释相关经济行为的简单题都会有关 THE 45 LINE 的关系这是一个简单解释的范本,望重视。
除了disposable income对 Desired Consumption Expenditure(AE)有影响,wealth, interest rates,
and households expectations about the future 都对 AE 有影响,比如 wealth:An increase in household wealth shifts the consumption function up; a decrease in wealth shifts the consumption function down.
这些都是书上黄框里的结论,在这里就不一一列出了,所以每一个黄框里的结论都要记住,而且要会活用,用来解释对AE变动的影响。
不知你注意到没有,四个影响AE 的因素,disposable income的变化使得AE沿着图上AE直线移动,而其他三项,weaith, interest rates, housholds expectations about future的变化引起的是AE直线的移动,这个要引起注意,看图Figure 21-3.还有书上对各种因素引起变化的解释要看,简单题会用得上,遇题不要慌,要先分析属于那种因素,再根据相应因素对AE的影响规律进行解释或画图。
下面看Desired Investment Expenditure对
先把投资分解为三类inventory investment,residential investment,new plant and equipment
影响Desired Investment Expenditure的因素是:* inventory investment