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Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations
雅思考试阅读考题回顾
 
朗阁海外考试研究中心  王飞燕
 
考试日期：
2013 年 8 月 29 日
 
Reading Passage 1
Title:
How To Spot A Liar
Question types:
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN; Multiple Choice; Matching
文章内容回顾
关于如何辨别说谎
英文相关原文阅读
However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all
living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators
away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning
themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be
something they are not--and so escape their enemies. Nature amply
rewards successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long
enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to
learn that human beings--who, according to psychologist Gerald
Jellison of the University of South California, are lied to about 200
times a day, roughly one untruth every five minutes--often deceive for
exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get
something they can't get by other means.
But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival
skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to
spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous
business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily,
nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their
own tangled webs--if you know where to look. By closely observing
facial expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically
anyone can recognize the telltale signs of lying. Researchers are
even programming computers--like those used on Lie Detector--to
get at the truth by analyzing the same physical cues available to the
naked eye and ear. "With the proper training, many people can learn
to reliably detect lies," says Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at
the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past
15 years studying the secret art of deception.
In order to know what kind of lies work best, successful liars need to
accurately assess other people's emotional states. Ekman's research
shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie
detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the
 

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Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations
conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say
and do.
Even high-tech lie detectors don't detect lies as such; they merely
detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not
correspond to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for
instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which
tend to increase when people are nervous--as they usually are when
lying. Nervous people typically perspire, and the salts contained in
perspiration conduct electricity. That's why a sudden leap in skin
conductivity indicates nervousness--about getting caught,
perhaps?--which might, in turn, suggest that someone is being
economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that
the lights in the television studio are too hot--which is one reason
polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. "Good lie detectors don't
rely on a single sign," Ekman says, "but interpret clusters of verbal
and nonverbal clues that suggest someone might be lying."
Those clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of
the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that process
emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurological
studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways
through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke
on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately,
only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person
a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous
smile. Very few people--most notably, actors and politicians--are able
to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be
caught when the liar's true feelings briefly leak through the mask of
deception. "We don't think before we feel," Ekman says.
"Expressions tend to show up on the face before we're even
conscious of experiencing an emotion."
One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake--or conceal, if it is
genuinely felt--is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the forehead
wrinkles with grief and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled
up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to
produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering
of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at
will by almost everybody. "If someone claims they are sad and the
inner corners of their eyebrows don't go up," Ekman says, "the
sadness is probably false."
The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions
to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles--the zygomaticus major
muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of the
lips--to produce a grin. But there's a catch. A genuine smile affects
not only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the

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Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations
muscle around the eye that produces the distinctive "crow's-feet"
associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be
unmasked if the lip corners go up, the eyes crinkle but the inner
corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a movement controlled by
the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The absence of lowered
eyebrows is one reason why false smiles look so strained and stiff.
题型难度分析
相对简单
题型技巧分析
是非无判断题是雅思考试阅读的经典题型
首先应该注意看清是 TRUE 还是 YES, 本篇是 TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT
GIVEN
解题步骤：
1. 速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比
较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词
（only, most, each, any, every, the same as 等）
2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。
3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。
TRUE 的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。
FALSE 是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。
NOT GIVEN 是原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等
名词在原文中是否有提及。
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剑 4 Test 1 Passage 1
剑 5 Test 3 Passage 1
 
 
 
Reading Passage 2
Title:
An Ancient City - Tritis
Question types:
Matching; Sentence Completion; Multiple Choices
文章内容回顾
古代的一个建筑，考古研究某遗址，对其城市发展建设、生活之类的
发现说明。
英文相关原文阅读
Everybody knew about Lourdes Mary Cave, we can find it in France.
And this Mary Cave became an inspiration to many countries and
cities. Likewise when we visited Jogja. We found some Mary Caves
too. One of them is Tritis Cave. This cave touted as The Most Exotic
Mary Cave.
Tritis Cave situated at Wonosari, southern of Jogja. Pricesly located
at the hill of Mountains Seribu, Dusun Bulu, Kabupaten Gunung
Kidul, Wonosari. To reach this place we take time about 1.5 hours or
50 kilometers from city center. Looks far and take a long time,
hmmm. I don't think so. Because we can see beautiful landscape
along the way. And we will not be bored.
First, this cave named Tritis Singkil Cave. This place known as
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ghostlike place because this cave is very quiet and far from peoples
routine. So, many people used this place for hermitage. And then a
child found this cave and he try to tell the church pastor. By local
peoples this place used to celebrate Christmas Mass for local
Catholic. After that the terrible impression of this cave gradually
disappeared. Now this cave famous as Tritis Cave and many
Catholics came here to praying. Usually many of them came to this
place at May or October because both of this month known as month
of Mary.
Not easy to arrive this cave. From parking area we need to take 2
kilometers for the distance by walking. Traversed by a winding road
and the vehicle can not be skipped. On the way we'll find children or
local people that give the direction so that we can reach the cave
faster and safer. Before the visitor reach the cave usually they
perform the cross road. There are 14 stations that must be passed
first. Arriving at the Mount of Golgotha, we can see a situation similar
to the original. There are three large cross where Jesus was crucified
with Barnabas.
Tritis word taken from Java language it's mean water droplets. The
water droplets at the cave cames from cave ceiling. This cave still
looks natural and decorated with stalactite and stalagmite that's why
it looks exotic. Many people interpret the water droplets with God
blessing that down to the visitor. And the water became the symbol of
human life what human existence should be accepted. That is the
spirit of simplicity of Tritis Cave.
Besides that the visitors belief that the water can heal various
diseases. So after praying they take the water to some bottles and
bring it home. Futhermore this water became a special blessing for
residents around. Because surrounding natural condition was barren
and local people used it for daily necessities.
题型难度分析
Matching 较难
题型技巧分析
Sentence Completion 题型做题步骤：
1. 审题，看清楚字数要求，一般是 NO MORE THAN TWO/THREE
WORDS
2. 读题目，划出定位词，特殊优先。
3. 预测所填内容，比如所填内容为名词、动词，还是形容词，预测的
越详细越好。
4. 根据定位词去文章中找答案。
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剑 3 Test 4 Passage 1
 
 
 
朗阁海外考试研究中心
Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations
Reading Passage 3
Title:
Sunset for the Oil Business
Question types:
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN; Diagram; Matching
文章内容回顾
石油方面不同人的不同观点，关于石油产业走上坡路还是下坡路。
英文相关原文阅读
The world is about to run out of oil. Or perhaps not. It depends whom
you believe…
IF YOU think OPEC ministers are a conspiratorial cabal, you ought to
meet the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre (ODAC). This colourful group
is convinced that the world is perilously close to an oil shock induced
by scarcity, not politics. Several dozen of its members got together
recently in an auditorium at Imperial College, London, for a peculiar
planning session.
Leading lights of this movement, including Colin Campbell, a
geologist and author of “The Coming Oil Crisis”, presented technical
data that supported their grim prognosis. Various experts ridiculed
rival analyses, done by America's Geological Survey and the
International Energy Agency (IEA), that contradicted their views. Dr
Campbell even decried the “amazing display of ignorance, deliberate
ignorance, denial and obfuscation” by governments, industry and
academics on this topic.
So is the oil really running out? The answer is easy: Yes. Nobody
seriously disputes the notion that oil is, for all practical purposes, a
non-renewable resource that will run out some day, be that years or
decades away. The harder question is determining when precisely oil
will begin to get scarce. And answering that question involves scaling
Hubbert's peak.
M. King Hubbert, a Shell geologist of legendary status among
depletion experts, forecast in 1956 that oil production in the United
States would peak in the early 1970s and then slowly decline, in
something resembling a bell-shaped curve. At the time, his forecast
was controversial, and many rubbished it. After 1970, however,
empirical evidence proved him correct: oil production in America did
indeed peak and has been in decline ever since.
Dr Hubbert's analysis drew on the observation that oil production in a
new area typically rises quickly at first, as the easiest and cheapest
reserves are tapped. Over time, reservoirs age and go into decline,
and so lifting oil becomes more expensive. Oil from that area then
becomes less competitive in relation to other fuels, or to oil from other
areas. As a result, production slows down and usually tapers off and
declines. That, he argued, made for a bell-shaped curve.
His successful prediction has emboldened a new generation of
geologists to apply his methodology on a global scale. Chief among
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them are the experts at ODAC, who worry that the global peak in
production will come in the next decade. Dr Campbell used to argue
that the peak should have come already; he now thinks it is just round
the corner. A heavyweight has now joined this gloomy chorus.
Kenneth Deffeyes of Princeton University argues in a lively new book
(“The View from Hubbert's Peak”) that global oil production could
peak as soon as 2004.
A slippery slope
That sharply contradicts mainstream thinking. America's Geological
Survey prepared an exhaustive study of oil depletion last year (in part
to rebut Dr Campbell's arguments) that put the peak of production
some decades off. The IEA has just weighed in with its new “World
Energy Outlook”, which foresees enough oil to comfortably meet
demand to 2020 from remaining reserves. René Dahan, one of
ExxonMobil's top managers, goes further: with an assurance
characteristic of the world's largest energy company, he insists that
the world will be awash in oil for another 70 years.
Who is right? In making sense of these wildly opposing views, it is
useful to look back at the pitiful history of oil forecasting. Doomsters
have been predicting dry wells since the 1970s, but so far the oil is
still gushing. Nearly all the predictions for 2000 made after the 1970s
oil shocks were far too pessimistic. America's Department of Energy
thought that oil would reach $150 a barrel (at 2000 prices); even
Exxon predicted a price of $100.
Michael Lynch of DRI-WEFA, an economic consultancy, is one of the
few oil forecasters who has got things generally right. In a new paper,
Dr Lynch analyses those historical forecasts. He finds evidence of
both bias and recurring errors, which suggests that methodological
mistakes (rather than just poor data) were the problem. In particular,
he faults forecasters who used Hubbert-style analysis for relying on
fixed estimates of how much “ultimately recoverable” oil there really is
below ground, in the industry's jargon: that figure, he insists, is
actually a dynamic one, as improvements in infrastructure, knowledge
and technology raise the amount of oil which is recoverable.
That points to what will probably determine whether the pessimists or
the optimists are right: technological innovation. The first camp tends
to be dismissive of claims of forthcoming technological revolutions in
such areas as deep-water drilling and enhanced recovery. Dr
Deffeyes captures this end-of-technology mindset well. He argues
that because the industry has already spent billions on technology
development, it makes it difficult to ask today for new technology, as
most of the wheels have already been invented.
Yet techno-optimists argue that the technological revolution in oil has
only just begun. Average recovery rates (how much of the known oil
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in a reservoir can actually be brought to the surface) are still only
around 30-35%. Industry optimists believe that new techniques on the
drawing board today could lift that figure to 50-60% within a decade.
Given the industry's astonishing track record of innovation, it may be
foolish to bet against it. That is the result of adversity: the
nationalisations of the 1970s forced Big Oil to develop reserves in
expensive, inaccessible places such as the North Sea and Alaska,
undermining Dr Hubbert's assumption that cheap reserves are
developed first. The resulting upstream investments have driven
down the cost of finding and developing wells over the last two
decades from over $20 a barrel to around $6 a barrel. The cost of
producing oil has fallen by half, to under $4 a barrel.
Such miracles will not come cheap, however, since much of the
world's oil is now produced in ageing fields that are rapidly declining.
The IEA concludes that global oil production need not peak in the next
two decades if the necessary investments are made. So how much is
necessary? If oil companies are to replace the output lost at those
ageing fields and meet the world's ever-rising demand for oil, the
agency reckons they must invest $1 trillion in non-OPEC countries
over the next decade alone. Ouch.
题型难度分析
配对题较难
题型技巧分析
Matching 题分为了一方是特殊定位词的配对，分类题，段落配标题，
段落细节信息定位。一方是特殊定位词的配对主要有人名配观点，时间
配事件，地点配事件。这种题目在做的时候要注意以下几点：
1. 审题， 读 Instruction。 一般来说， 都会有 You may use any letter more
than once. 遇到这个大写的一行字时， 提醒考生一般本题中肯定会有一
个字母用两次，而且只有一个字母会重复。
2. 迅速浏览人名。在文章中圈出人名。
3. 通读配对另一方，划出关键词。
在文章中圈出的人名旁找相应信息与关键词进行匹配。
一方不是特殊定位词时，需要将配对双方都要通读，并划出核心词汇，
以名词为主。同时这类型题要放在本篇文章的最后做。
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剑 4 Test 3 Passage 1