非谓语动词的用法

概述：非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。都不受主语人称和数的限制（即无人称和数的变化），但有时态和语态的变化。如：He let me did it.（×）----He let me do it.（√）   Lily helps me does it.（×）----Lily helps me do it.（√）   She wanted to be punished by her father.

掌握非谓语动词的关键在于：弄清三大非谓语动词各种不同的结构形式、每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系；弄清楚三大非谓语动词各自所作的句子成分；不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别；三大非谓语动词的其他特殊用法。

一、三大非谓语动词的结构形式及

每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系

（一）不定式

 

名称	语态	结构形式	时间概念及主被动关系	举例
一般式	主动	（not）to do	发生在谓语动作/状态之后或同时发生的主动动作	1. I want to be a teacher.  2. I saw him go out.
	被动	(not) to be done	发生在谓语动作/状态之后或同时发生的被动动作	The teacher wanted the materials to be typed soon.
进行式	主动	(not) to be doing	与谓语动作/状态同时发生的动作	He happened to be working when the boss came in.
完成式	主动	(not) to have done	发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作	1. I happened to have come across your brother.   2. We planned to have met each other at ten.
	被动	(not) to have been done	发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作	1. I’m glad to have been invited to visit your factory.     2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.
完成进行式	主动	(not) to have been doing	在谓语动作/状态之前一直在进行着的动作	It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.

 

（二）动名词

名称	语态	结构形式	时间概念及主被动关系	举例
一般式	主动	（not）doing	与谓语动作/状态同时发生的主动动作或无明显的时间性（可表经常）	1. Mike is fond of playing football.   2. Would you mind my opening the window？
	被动	(not) being done	与谓语动作/状态同时发生的被动动作或无明显的时间性（可表经常）	1. He told his past without being asked 2. Being scolded isn’t a good thing.
完成式	主动	(not) having done	发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作	They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
	被动	(not) having been done	发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作	I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times.

 

（三）分词

名称		语态	结构形式	时间概念及主被动关系	举例
现 在 分 词	一般式	主动	（not）doing	与谓语动作/状态同时发生的主动动作	Singing a song, he was watching TV.
		被动	(not) being done	与谓语动作/状态同时发生的被动动作	Being punished, he is crying.
	完成式	主动	(not) having done	发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动作	Having finished the course，we had an exam.
		被动	(not) having been done	发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动作	Having been warned several times，they became more careful in doing the job.
过去分词	（not）done			1. 可以只表一个被动的动作； 2. 可以只表一个完成的动作（即发生在谓语动作/状态之前的动作）； 3. 可以同时既表被动又表完成的动作（即发生在谓语动作/状态之前的动作）；	1. Seen from the hill，the town looks nice.（只表被动）         2. The fallen leaves are yellow.（只表完成） 3. The returned books looks new.（既表被动又表完成）

 

二、三大非谓语动词各自所充当的句子成分

       非谓语动词具有各自不同的词类特征，因此充当的句子成分也各不相同。不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语；动名词具有名词和动词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语；分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。（见下面的图表）。

不定式：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补

动名词：主语、宾语、表语、定语

分  词：            表语、定语、状语、宾补                            

附：三大非谓语动词的区别一览表

非谓语动词种类

特征

形式

所作成分

结构

否定

不定式

v

n

adj

adv

6种

主

宾

表

定

状

补

复合结构 for/of sb. to do

not to do

动名词

v

n

----

----

4种

主

宾

表

定

----

---

复合结构 n's/one's doing

not doing

现在分词

v

---

adj

adv

4种

----

----

表

定

状

补

独立主格结构 n/pron doing

not doing

过去分词

v

---

adj

adv

1种

----

----

表

定

状

补

独立主格结构 n/pron done

not done

注意：当由现在分词和过去分词变化而来的形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人或事物时，可以作主语或宾语。如：the dying，the wounded等。

 

三、不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别

 （一）、作主语（不定式和动名词作主语的区别）：

1. 所表示动作的具体含义不同：

不定式作主语多表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作主语多表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。

如：To swim today is a good idea      Eating too much is bad for your health.    

2. it作形式主语的情况不同：

不定式作主语时，常可以用it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语后置。但动名词作后置主语的情况比较少见，一般限于名词fun，good，luck，joy，use，pleasure或形容词foolish，wonderful，good，nice，interesting，useless，worth等作表语时，才用it作形式主语，将真正的动名词主语后置。

如：In a shop，it is important to please customers.    It is no use telling him the truth.  

常用动名词作主语的句型有：

               a waste of time（浪费）

              no good/use（没有用处）

It is/was +   useless/senseless (没有用处)      doing….  

              hardly any good/use（几乎没用）

               worthwhile（有价值、值得）

 

 

               no（无法）

               no sense in（没道理）

There is/was +    no point/possibility in（没意义）           doing….

               no good/use in（没用处）

               nothing worse than（没有比……更糟糕的）

注意： There is no need for sb to do sth.

3. 主谓一致不同：

一般情况下，不定式和动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：To see is to believe.   Laying eggs is her full-time job.    Planting flowers needs constant watering.

但and连接的多个动名词作主语，谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致，谓语一般用单数）。如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的。    Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.哭泣无济于解决问题。（weeping与wailing均表示“哭”）

4. 注意主语和表语的一致性：

当主语为不定式时，表语也用不定式；当主语为动名词时，表语也用动名词。

如：Seeing is believing.   To see is to believe.

（二）、作宾语（不定式和动名词作宾语的区别）：

 不定式作宾语通常表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作宾语通常表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。如：

 Tom likes playing football, but he likes to play basketball today.

1. 作动词宾语的情况不同：

（1）有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语。注意下面的口诀：

决心学会想希望  decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish

设法拒绝愿假装  manage, refuse, care, pretend

主动答应选计划  offer, promise, choose, plan

同意请求帮一帮  agree, ask/beg, help

等待发生付得起  wait, happen, afford

失败威胁记心上  fail, threaten

如：I plan to go to Shanghai next week.   He decided to help me.

（2）有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语。注意下面的口诀：    

避免错过 (少) 延期  avoid, miss, delay / postpone

建议完成 (多) 练习  suggest / advise, finish, practise

喜欢想象禁不住  enjoy/appreciate, imagine, resist/can`t help

承认否定 (与) 嫉妒  admit, deny, envy

逃脱冒险 (莫) 原谅  escape , risk, pardon / excuse

保持忍受 (不) 介意  keep / keep on, stand, mind

如：Would you mind given me a cup of tea？   He missed catching the early bus.    I have finished reading the

book.   Will you admit having broken the window？    She suggested having lunch at the new restaurant.

  有些动词短语后面也只能接动名词作宾语：

lead to, get down to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to，be addicted to, adjust/adapt to, devote to，contribute to, object to，get/be used to（习惯于），prefer…to…, can't stand（忍不住），give up，insist on，keep（on），put off，be worth，be/keep busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），feel/look/seem like，set about，depend on，prevent sb. from，succeed in, thank you for, apologize for等。

如：I feel like drinking a glass of milk.

(3)有些动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语，又可以接动名词作宾语，如：continue，begin，start，prefer，like，love，hate，fear，dread（害怕），propose（打算），can't bear，endure（忍耐），omit（忽略），neglect（忽视），disdain（轻视），scorn（蔑视），protect（保护），forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can't help。具体分为下面几种情况：

 ①、continue，begin，start等后面接不定式与接动名词作宾语，意义上没有多大区别。

如：The teacher said，“You begin writing now，”and the children began to write.

 注意begin和start本身为进行式时；或其前面的主语是物而不是人时；或其后面的非谓语动词表示心理状态或精神活动时；begin和start后面要接不定式作宾语（不接不定式）。

如：She is beginning to cook supper.   It began to rain.   I began to understand my past mistakes.

②、prefer，like，love，hate等后面接不定式与接动名词作宾语，意义上没有多大区别，但接不定式表示具体的、一次性的动作；接动名词则表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。

如：He likes swimming，but he doesn't like to swim today，because it is too cold.

③、forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can't help等动词或短语后接动名词与接不定式意义上差别很大。区别如下：

a、remember/forget/regret to do sth记起/忘记/遗憾要去做某事

   remember/forget/regret doing sth记起/忘记/遗憾曾经做过某事

如：I have forgotten to bring my umbrella.    I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.

b、go on to do sth表示“（做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）”；

go on doing sth表示“继续作某事（原事）”。

如：You ought not to go on living this way.    Then he went on to show us how to use it.

c、mean to do sth表示“打算做某事”；

mean doing sth表示“意味着某种情况”。

如：What do you mean to do with it？    Missing the train means waiting for an hour.

d、stop to do sth表示“停下做某事”（指停下来做另一件事）；

stop doing sth表示“停止做某事”（指停止做原事）。

如：They asked him to stop talking，but he still went on.    He stopped to shake hands with us.

e、try to do sth表示“试图/尽力做某事”(to do sth.往往表示某种目的)；

try doing sth表示“试着做某事”(doing sth往往表示某种方法或方式)。

如：He has been trying to get you on the phone.他一直在设法打电话找你。    Let's try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后边的门试试。

f、be used to do sth表示“被用来做某事”；

be used to doing sth表示“习惯于做某事”。

如：Wood is used to make paper.   He is used to getting up early.

g、can't help to do sth表示“不能帮助做某事；

can't help doing sth表示“忍不住做某事”。

如：We can't help to answer this question.    We can't help laughing.

（4）allow，permit，advise，forbid等动词的后面可以接动名词作宾语，但有名词或代词作宾语补足语时，则接不定式作宾语补足语。故这类动词用于被动结构时，应接不定式作主语补足语。

即注意下面三种结构：advise/allow/permit/forbid doing sth, advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth----sb be advised/allowed/permitted/forbidden to do sth.

如：The doctor advise (us) not smoking.      The doctor advised us to take a week's rest.    We were advised to take a week's rest.

（5）need，require，want表示主语“需要（被作某种处置）”，后接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语均可（表示被动含义），注意句式的互换。

如：The TV set needs mending again.=The TV set needs to be mended again.

（6）be worth doing...结构表示被动含义，相当于be worthy to be done和be worthy of being done结构。

如：This book is worth reading.=This book is worthy of being read.=This book is worthy to be read.

2. 作介词宾语的情况不同：

不定式一般不作介词的宾语（但but/other than，except，besides除外）；动名词则常常作介词的宾语。如：I have no choice but to accept the fact.   He did noting but wait.   What do you like to do besides swim？   She went out of the room without saying anything.    Mary is good at dancing.

3. it作形式宾语的情况不同：

有少数动词，如find，think，consider，make，feel等接不定式作宾语且其后面有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的不定式宾语后置。动名词作宾语带有宾语补足语时，也要用it作形式宾语，而将真正的动名词宾语后置，但此种情况比较少见。

如：I think it better to start off right now.   We found it no use doing like that.

                                                                                

 

（三）、作表语（不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别）：

1. 作表语时各自所表示动作的具体含义不同：

不定式作表语表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作表语相当于名词，说明主语的性质和具体内容，表示经常性、习惯性的动作或抽象性的概念，主语表语常常可以互换；分词作表语相当于形容词，说明主语的性质、特征或状态，其逻辑主语是句子的主语（一般情况下，当主语是人时，用过去分词作表语；当主语是物时，用现在分词作表语）。

如：My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden.   My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.    Chinese is interesting，so Lucy is interested in Chinese.    Bob is exciting.

注意：当人作主语时，常用过去分词作主语，但也可以用现在分词作表语，此时他们的意义有所不同。如：He is frightened.（他感到害怕。）    He is frightening.（他让人/令人感到害怕。）

2. 注意主语和表语的一致性：

当主语为动名词时，表语也用动名词；当主语为不定式时，表语也用不定式。

如：Seeing is believing.   To see is to believe.

附：

如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含有do，那么作表语的不定式可以省去to。

如：The only thing he could do was（to）tell the truth.

                                                                                 

 

（四）、作定语（不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别）：

1. 所表动作的时间含义不同：

 不定式作定语多表示未来的动作。动名词作定语，常常用来说明被修饰的词的性质、特征和用途，不强调时间性（因为动名词只能用一般主动式作定语）。现在分词的一般主动式作定语，表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作；现在分词的一般被动式作定语，表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作；现在分词的完成式不能作定语；过去分词作定语，表示一种被动的、完成的或被动完成的动作，或没有一定时间性的动作。如：I haven't a pen to write with.   a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking water

The falling leaves are yellow.   The fallen leaves are everywhere.  

注意：现在分词的被动式和及物动词的过去分词都可以表示被动，但前者表示一个正在进行的被动动作，而后者多表示一个已经完成了的被动动作。

如：The problem being discussed now has something important to do with our everyday life.   The problem discussed yesterday has something important to do with our everyday life

2. 所用形式不同：

 不定式可以用各种形式作定语，动名词只能用一般主动式作定语（被动式和完成式不能作定语），分词只能用现在分词的一般式和过去分词作定语（现在分词的完成式一般不能作定语，但可以作后置定语见P10）。

3. 位置不同：

不定式作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之后；动名词作定语常常放在它所修饰的词之前（因为动名词只能用一般主动式作定语）；单个的分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的词之前（如果强调动感，则要放在后面），分词短语作定语常常放在它所修饰的词后面。

如：There is nothing to worry about.      a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking water （动名词作定语）    boiling water，boiled water      I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair.   Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（强调动感）

    4. 所指不同：

不定式和分词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的动作，与被修饰词之间有逻辑关系（主谓或动宾关系）；动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的性质、特征和用途，与被修饰词之间无逻辑关系。

如：the way to do the work,  the sleeping car/the swimming pool,  falling/fallen leaves

附：

    1. 常用不定式作定语的情况：

(1) 当名词被the first，the last等序数词、形容词最高级或no，all，any等修饰时，常用不定式的一般式作定语，而不管动作是否已经完成。

如：He is the second person to know the truth.    She is always the first to come and the last to leave.

He has no right to do it.

(2)不定式常用来修饰表示抽象意义的词，常见的有right（权利），ability，chance，answer, belief, reason, reply，attempt，key，way，moment，time, idea, fact, excuse, promise, 等。

如：Could you at least make an attempt to smile，Jim？（吉姆，你起码试着笑一笑，行吗？）    Do you have the ability to read and write in English？

2. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常常构成的几种关系。

（1）逻辑主谓关系：

不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成主谓关系。如：He is the first person to come and the last one to leave.

注意：此时不定式常常用主动形式。

（2）逻辑动宾关系： 

不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系。如：He has nothing to do.

注意：A、此时要求不定式为及物动词（如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面必须有相应的介词，即“不及物动词 + 介词”）；并且不定式常常也用主动形式。

如：He has nothing to do.   There is nothing to worry about.   The boy cried as he had no children to play games with.   There is no room to live in.   I haven't a pen to write with.

B、不定式修饰名词time，place，way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。

如：He had no money and no place to live.（不是no place to live in）

C、这种“动词不定式 + 介词”修饰名词/代词，可以转换成“介词 + 关系代词（which，whom）+ 不定式”。如：Jim had only ten yuan to buy a present with.=Jim had only ten yuan with which to buy a present

   （3）同位关系：

不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成同位关系。

如：His wish to become an artist has never come true

3. 分词作定语时与被修饰词之间的位置详解：

单个的分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的词的前面（如果强调动感，单个的分词也要放在后面；同时，如果被修饰的词是every/some/any/nothing/nobody/no one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those时，即使单个分词作定语，也要放在被修饰的词后面），分词短语作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。

如：boiling water，boiled water    He is the only one of those invited.

I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair.   Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（强调动感）

4. 分词作定语时与被修饰词之间的时间关系及主被动关系）：

现在分词作定语（指现在分词的一般式），多表示“说话时正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性的”动作，且被修饰的词是现在分词动作逻辑上的执行者；而过去分词作定语，多表示分词动作“先于谓语动作”或“没有一定的时间性”，且被修饰的词是过去分词动作逻辑上的承受者。

如：Do you know the boy lying under the big tree？（表同时或正在进行）   The man selling vegetables has gone.（表经常）   The book borrowed from the library returned yesterday.（先于谓语动词所表示的动作）   He is a teacher respected by all. （没有一定的时间性）

5. 分词作定语时有两种词性情况：

一种是具有动词的性质，此时分词和它所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系；另一种是分词已经转化成了形容词，不再具有动词特性，此时可以用very修饰，甚至有比较级的变化。

如：falling/fallen leaves   developing/developed countries   a（more）promising young man（一个有前途的青年，promising已经转化成了形容词）

6. 现在分词的完成式（主动式和被动式）不能作定语（但非限制性后置定语则可以用分词的完成式）,若要表达此含义，应分别用定语从句和过去分词代替。

如：The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.（×） ----The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.（√）      At last we found the house having been built several years ago. （×）----At last we found the house built several years ago.（√）

The old man, having worked for 20 years, is on the way to his motherland.（√)分词完成式作非限制性后置定语

                                                                                           

 

 （五）、作状语（不定式和分词作状语的区别）：

1. 作状语的种类不同：

 不定式多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语；分词多作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随和结果状语。注意：某些表示喜怒哀乐的形容词在句中作表语时，其后面常常用不定式作原因状语，其余时间多用分词作原因状语。不定式作结果状语时，表示出乎意料之外的结果；而分词作结果状语时，表示意料之中的结果。在带有enough或too得句子里，常用不定式作程度状语。

如：She swept to hear the bad news.    I’m very glad to hear the good news.      Having been late for class，he says sorry to his teacher.    （作原因状语）    He tried his best to arrive there only to find some waste paper.    He died，leaving his wife alone.（作结果状语）   He is old enough to go to school.   She is too tired to do the job.

 2. 不定式作状语（多作目的、结果、程度和原因状语）：

（1）作目的状语（可以放在句首或句中，在句中作目的状语时一般不用逗号隔开）：

He stopped to have a rest.=To have a rest，he stopped.

 注意：in order to和so as to后面都可以接不定式作目的状语，但in order to可以放在句首或句中，而so as to则只能放在句中。如：In order to catch the first bus，he got up early.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.

 （2）作结果/程度状语：

  作结果状语时为意料之外的结果。

不定式作结果/程度状语常见的五种搭配：so...as to do...，such....as to do...，enough（...）to do...，too...to do...（程度状语）；only to do...（结果状语）。

如：Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police.   It is such a good book for me as to read it three times.     He is old enough to go to school.    She is too young to go to school.    He broke into the room，only to find an empty box.（结果状语，意料之外）       

（3）作原因状语：    

不定式作原因状语与作目的状语的区别在于：前者表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作，而后者后于谓语动词所表示的动作；同时不定式作目的状语时，可以在不定式前面加上in order或so as，而不定式作原因状语时则不能，并且当句中表语为喜怒哀乐的形容词时，其后面才用不定式作原因状语。

如：She swept to obtain sympathy.（作目的状语）   She swept to hear the bad news.（作原因状语）

I’m pleased to meet you.（作原因状语）

3. 分词作状语（多作时间、条件、原因、方式和伴随状语，可以用相应的状语从句来代替）：

（1）作时间状语。

如：Walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.=When（I was） walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.    While/When waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.=While/When he was waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.    Having finished his homework，the boy went out.=After he had finished his homework，the boy went out.    Taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.=After we had been taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.

（2）作条件状语。

如：Walking ahead，you will see a white house.=If you walk ahead，you will see a white house.   Given another chance，I can do it better.=If I had been given another chance，I can do it better.

注意：当分词作时间状语和条件状语时，有时可以根据需要在分词前面加上相应的表时间和条件的引导词when, while, before, after, if等, 还可以变成相应的时间和条件状语从句（见上面（1）、（2））。

（3）作原因状语。

如：Being ill，he didn’t go to school.=As he was ill，he didn’t go to school.    

Tired out，they stopped to have a rest.=Because they were tired out，they stopped to have a rest.

（4）作方式、伴随状语：

如：He sat on the sofa，watching TV.=He sat on the sofa and watched TV.     Laughing and talking，they went into the classroom.=They laughed，talked and went into the classroom.      He stood leaning against the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall.

  注意：①、作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是主语发出的一个动作或是与谓语动作（或状态）同时发生（不可能发生在之前），或是对谓语动词所表示的动作（或状态）作进一步的补充说明，所以一般不用现在分词完成式、过去分词作伴随状语，只用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语。

②、分词作伴随状语时，若表示“正在被......”的概念，常常用过去分词，而不用现在分词的被动式。如：Being followed by some officials，he went out.（×）----Followed by some officials，he went out.（√）

（5）作结果状语（意料之中的结果）。

如：Her mother died in 1990，leaving her with her younger brother.=Her mother died in 1990，and left her and her younger brother.     The song is sung all over the country，making it the most popular song.=The song is sung all over the country，and made it the most popular song.

附：

1. 不定式作表语形容词的状语

两种搭配类型：（1）、当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式既可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词。如：They were eager to know everything about China.   I am sorry to keep you waiting.

（2）、当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式必须是及物动词或“不及物动词 + 介词”，并且不定式常用主动形式。如：This question is difficult to answer.    The chair is very comfortable to sit on.

2. 分词作状语的注意点：  

（1）、分词作状语时，可以变成相应的状语从句，注意时态的变化。

如：Having heard the news，he jumped with joy.=After he had heard the news，he jumped with joy.    Walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.=When I was walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.    While waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.=While he was waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.  

Encouraged by her teacher，she studied even harder.=Because she was encouraged by her teacher，she studied even harder.

（2）、分词作状语时，常常与句子的主语和谓语存在着一定的联系。

现在分词一般式作状语时，与句子的主语和谓语是一种主动、进行关系；现在分词一般式被动式作状语时，与句子的主语和谓语是一种被动、进行关系；现在分词的完成式作状语，与句子的主语和谓语是一种主动、完成关系；现在分词的完成被动式作状语，与句子主语和谓语是一种被动、完成关系（特别强调分词动作先于谓语动作发生，并且有一定的时间间隔）；过去分词作状语时，与句子的主语和谓语是一种要么仅表被动、要么仅表完成或者既表被动又表完成的关系。

如：Waiting for the bus/While waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily. （主动、进行关系）

Being heated, the water gets hot. （被动、进行关系）    Having graduated from Beijing University, he went out for a job. （主动、完成关系）    Having been built for half a year, the building became our library. （被动、完成关系）   

Seen from the hill, our school looks beautiful. (seen仅表被动)     Fallen from the tree, the leaves became dry. （fallen仅表完成）     Encouraged by his mother, he studies even harder. （encouraged既表被动又表完成）

（3）、分词作状语时，当分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，分词需要有自己的主语，从而构成分词的独立主格结构。

如：The meeting being over，we all left the room. （注意区别并列句The meeting was over，and we all left the room.）    Weather permitting，they will go and visit the zoo.

（4）、现在分词的完成式表示动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语，不作条件、方式或伴随状语。       

（5）、某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，而且往往用于一些系表结构中，这些过去分词作状语时，既不表被动又不表完成，只表示一种状态，如: lost, seated, tired of, lost/absorbed in, dressed in等。

如：Lost in his book, he didn’t notice me enter the room.     Dressed in red, she went out.

现在分词作状语的经典题析

The secretary worked late into the night，  B  a long speech for the president.   A、to prepare    B、preparing    C、prepared    D、was preparing    此题考查了现在分词作伴随状语的情况，不能选A，原因是不定式作目的状语放在句子后面时，其前面不可以加逗号。

The secretary worked late into the night，and  C  a long speech for the president.   A、to prepare    B、preparing    C、prepared    D、was preparing    此题考查了动词并列作谓语的情况。

European football is played in 80 countries，  A  it the most popular sport in the world.  A、making    B、makes    C、made    D、to make    此题考查了现在分词作结果状语。

“Can't you read？”Mary said  A   to the notice.  A、angrily pointing    B、and point angrily    C、angrily pointed    D、and angrily pointing   此题考查了现在分词作伴随状语。

                                                                                            

 

（六）、作宾语补足语（不定式和分词作宾语补足语的区别）：

  不定式作宾补通常表示将来、经常性动作或动作的完成；现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词作宾补表示被动或完成的动作。

如：Yesterday he asked me to help him.      I once heard him sing this song.      Have you heard this song sung before?

1. 不同动词接不同的非谓语动词作宾语补足语：

（1）下列动词常接不定式作宾语补足语

①、ask，tell，teach，like，love，want，would like，help，wish，use，show，invite，encourage，attract，get，choose，order，force，permit，allow + sb + to do结构；

②、think, consider, find, feel, suppose, believe, imagine, prove + sb + to be结构；

(consider, find, feel, make + it + adj + to do结构；注意此结构与上面结构不同，此结构中，it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语，而不是宾语补足语)

如：I asked him to give me a cup of tea.   Peter wanted me to help him.

All of us considered him to be a good friend.    He imagined himself to be a scientist.

I found it easy to answer the question.    We consider it a waste of time to go on with the project.

特别注意：hope, agree, demand, suggest等词没有宾语补足语。

（2）feel，keep，leave，set，send等动词后常接现在分词作宾语补足语。

如：She felt her heart beating very fast.   Don't keep me waiting for long.

2. 不同的非谓语形式作宾语补足语时与宾语的逻辑关系不同（即与宾语的主被动关系不同）：

“不定式的主动式”和“现在分词的一般主动式”作宾语补足语时，表示宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的“主动关系”（现在分词的完成式不能作宾语补足语）；“不定式的被动式”和“及物动词过去分词”作宾语补足语时，表示宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的“被动关系”。

如：I asked him to go out.    I saw him going out.   He will be seen to be punished tomorrow.   He was seen to have finished doing it.    I found the children looked after well.  

3. 不同的非谓语形式作宾语补足语时与谓语动词的时间关系不同：

“不定式的一般式”作宾语补足语表示“将发生”或“与谓语动词全过程同时，“不定式的完成式”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语动词早”；“及物动词的过去分词”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语早、同时或更晚”；“不及物动词的过去分词”作宾语补足语表示“比谓语早或已经完成”。

如：I asked him to go out.（将发生）   He was said to have gone.（比谓语早）   I saw him go out.（同时，全过程）   I saw him going out.（过程中）   I found him wounded.（及物动词的过去分词作宾补，强调被动，比谓语动词早）    I found the children looked after well.（及物动词的过去分词作宾补，强调被动，与谓语动词同时）   I will have my hair cut. （及物动词的过去分词作宾补，强调被动，比谓语动词更晚）    I found them gone.（不及物动词的过去分词作宾补，不强调被动，已经完成）

附：

1.感官动词see，look at, observe，watch，notice; hear, listen to; feel后面可以接四种形式作宾语补足语，以see为例。

（1）see + 宾语 + do （看见……做了……）

（2）see + 宾语 + doing （看见……正在做……）

（3）see + 宾语 + done （看见……被做）

（4）see + 宾语 + being done （看见……正在被做）

以上感官动词既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语（变被动语态时必须带上to），又可以接现在分词作宾语补足语（主动式和被动式均可），还可以接过去分词作宾语补足语。接不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程或已经完成，接现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，接过去分词做宾语补足语表示一个被动动作。

如：Just then he heard someone sing in the next room.（就在那时，他听见有人在隔壁屋子里唱了歌。用省去to的不定式sing，表示唱了歌）---- Just then someone was heard to sing in the next room.

Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. （就在那时，他听见有人在隔壁屋子里唱歌。用现在分词singing，表示正在唱歌）  

I’d like to see the plan carried out soon. (表示一个被动动作)

I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.（表示一个正在进行的被动动作）

2. 使役动词make, let ,have, get的宾语补足语时，情况各不相同：

（1）let + 宾语 + do （让……做……）

     let + 宾语 + be done （让……被做）

（let后面不用现在分词作宾语补足语）

如：Don’t let your children play with matches.     Let the work be done immediately.

（2）make + 宾语 + do （让……做……）

     make + 宾语 + done （让……被做）

如：He often made us copy the text.       I tried to make me understood by my gestures.

（make后面不用现在分词作宾语补足语）

（3）have + 宾语 + do （让……做……）

     have + 宾语 + doing （让……持续地做……）

     have + 宾语 + done （让……被做）

(have + 宾语 + doing结构用于否定句中表示“容忍”)

如：Mother had me go to the shop and bought some salt.      He has me moving towards the door.      I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow.      I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that.

（4）get + 宾语 + to do （让……做……）

     get + 宾语 + doing （让……开始做……）

     get + 宾语 + done （让……被做）

(get后面接带to的不定式作宾语补足语)

如：Mother got me to go to the shop and bought some salt.      He gets me moving towards the door.      I’ll get my bike repaired tomorrow.     

以上使役动词既可接不带to的不定式（get除外）作宾语补足语（变被动语态时必须带上to），又可以接现在分词作宾语补足语（let, make除外），还可以接过去分词作宾语补足语。接不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程或已经完成，接现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，接过去分词做宾语补足语表示一个被动动作。

如：He often made us copy the text.----We were often made to copy the text.

3. advise，allow，permit，forbid等动词的后面接动名词作宾语，但有名词或代词作宾语时，接不定式作宾语补足语，注意他们的被动式结构。

如：The doctor advised taking a week's rest.    The doctor advised us to take a week's rest.----We were advised to take a week's rest.

4、宾语补足语与主语补足语： 

含不定式作宾语补足语的句子变成被动语态时，充当宾语补足语的不定式变成了主语补足语。

如：I asked him to do it.----He was asked to do it.   He let me do it.----I was let to do it.   I heard him sing this song last night.----He was heard to sing this song last night.

含分词作宾语补足语的句子变成被动语态时，充当宾语补足语的分词变成了主语补足语。如：The missing boy was last seen playing near the river. （作主语补足语）   The soldier's wound was left exposed. （作主语补足语）

5. leave后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语的四种结构：

leave sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事

leave sth undone/unfinished 留下某事未做

leave sb to do sth 留下某人做某事

leave sth to be done 留下某事要做

如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.

He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.

We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.

                                                                                         

 

四、非谓语动词的其他用法

  （一）、非谓语动词的三大结构

1. 不定式的复合结构  

 （1）、结构及用法：

一般说来，不定式动作的执行者为句子的主语，但有时不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这时必须使用不定式的复合结构：“for/of + 名词/代词 + to do”，这一结构在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。

如：For him to get there on time is possible.   I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time.   Their hope is for Mary to live with them.   There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overcome.   The poem is too hard for me to understand.

（2）、“It is + 形容词 + for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中for和of的判定：

在这种结构中，如果作表语的形容词能够说明sb的品格、品质时用of.，否则用for.

如：It is kind of you to do it.     It is easy for him to do it.   

2. 动名词的复合结构

结构及用法：

动名词的复合结构为“名词所有格（n's）/形容词性物主代词（one's）/代词宾格 + doing...”，动名词的逻辑主语是名词所有格或名词性物主代词，这一结构在句中可以作主语或宾语。如：Mary's coming late made her parents angry.   Would you mind my opening the window？

注意：在口语中，当动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，特别是当它作介词的宾语时，动名词复合结构中的名词所有格可以用名词普通格代替，形容词性物主代词也可以用代词宾格代替；同时，当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的事物名词或较长的名词词组时，只能用名词的普通格而不能用名词的所有格形式。

如：He thought of passenger（'s）waiting for help.  He insisted on me/my going to help her.   I know nothing about the window being open.     Haven’t you forgotten Mary and her mother doing everything to help you out when you were in trouble？

3. 分词的独立主格结构

结构及用法：

一般说来，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语为句子的主语，但如果分词带上了与句子主语不同的属于自己的逻辑主语（名词（普通格）/代词主格）作状语时，分词及其逻辑主语一起称为分词的独立主格结构。

分词的独立主格结构为“名词（普通格）/代词（主格）+ doing/done”，常常在句中作状语（常用逗号与句子隔开）。

如：The meeting being over，we all left the room.   Weather permitting，they will go and visit the zoo.     So many friends being absent，we decided to put off the party.      She looked at her father，tears rolling down her cheeks.   He lay on his back，his hands crossed under his head.

注意：独立主格结构不仅仅只有分词的独立主格结构，还包括由不定式、形容词、副词或介词构成的独立主格结构。如：The exam to be held tomorrow，I could not go to the cinema tonight.   He entered the room，his nose red with cold.   He put on his socks wrong side out.   Peter was sitting near the fire，his back towards the door.

（二）、不定式的其他用法补充：

1不定式作宾语的补充：

（1）在动词hope, want, plan, expect, intend, mean, promise, wish的过去式之后用不定式的完成式作宾语，表示本来希望或打算做而未做的事，常可以与had + 这些动词ed + to do…结构互换。

如：I hoped to have met you at the airport, but I was too busy. = I had hoped to meet you at the airport, but I was too busy.

  I intended to have called on you.= I had intended to call on you. 我原想来拜访你的。     

     （2）作介词的宾语

  不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。

  The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。

  He had no choice but to sit there as usual.  他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。

注意：

①如果此时谓语动词含有do的各种形式，不定式要省去to.

I have done nothing except eat and sleep this week.

I couldn't do anything but wait here.

②在下列短语后，but之后只能跟不带to的不定式。

His father could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

We would do anything but confess(承认)our guilty.我们决不承认有罪。

She couldn't help but laugh at his clothes.她情不自禁地大笑他的着装。

I cannot but admire(钦佩) his courage.

I could not choose but love her.我不禁爱上了她。

    （3）作形容词的宾语

不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。

    ①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。

    I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.  很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下

    She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。

    John was happy to be given the job. 约翰得到这份工作很高兴。

    ②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。

    This problem is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。

    The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于饮用。

    She is hard to get along with. 她这个人很难相处。

    注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。

    The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。

    A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。

2. 不定式的几种常见结构

 （1）be + 不定式结构

  “be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：

   ①、表示命令和指示

  The room is to be locked. 这房间要上锁。

  You are not to stand here. 你不能站在这里。

   ②、表示计划或安排

  We are to begin the work next month. 我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。

  What's to be done next 下一步该怎么办？

  （2）特殊疑问词 + 不定式结构

  疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。

  I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not. 我不知道要不要去开会。

  The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers. 问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。

  When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. 何时参观故宫博物院还没有决定。

（3）分裂不定式

  动词不定式to do通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号to和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式。

  He was too ill to completely carry out that program. 他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。

  He has made up his mind to once more try this method.  他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。

（4）用作独立成分的不定式

  有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。

  To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。

  To be frank, I don't agree with what you said.   坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。

  用作独立成分的不定式

  to tell you the truth 说老实话，to be frank 坦率地说，to begin with 首先，to be brief 简言之，to make a long story short 长话短说，to make matters worse 使事情更为糟糕的是， to be exact 精确地说，to say nothing of 姑且不说，to conclude 总而言之，to be sure 诚然，固然，to do him justice 说句对他公道的话，so to speak 可以这么说

3. 不定式主被动形式

  动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情况：

（1）不定式做后置定语，和被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。

  Do you have anything to say on this question 针对这个问题你有什么要说的吗？

  He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个与其合作起来令人感到愉快的人。

  （2）不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式常用主动形式。

  The book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。

  The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。

  （3）There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果表示事情本身必须完成时，不定式用被动形式。

  There are 20 more trees to plant. 还要栽20多棵树。（强调必须有人去做）

  There are 20 more trees to be planted. 还有20多棵树要栽。（强调任务必须完成）

  There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）

  There is a lot of work to be done. 有许多事情要做。（强调有许多事情必须做）

注意：

下面句子中，不定式用主动和被动意义上大相径庭。

Have you any clothes to wash? 你有衣服要洗么？（你自己洗）

Have you any clothes to be washed? 你有衣服要洗么？（拿我给你洗）

4. 不定式的省略

（1）省to的情况

  ①、在口语中，动词原形come和 go后可接不带to的不定式。

  Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。

  Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。

②、在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。

  Why make so much noise   为什么发出这么大的噪音？

  Why not join us？   为什么不加入我们？

  ③、在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。在以下固定结构中也常常省去to，如：leave go 放开，make do 凑合，hear tell/say 听说，let drop/fall 故意说出，let fly 放飞、发射、对……大发脾气，let go 放开，go hang 不管，make believe 假装等

  You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion.   你最好听一听老师的意见。

  We had best call for the doctor at once. 我们最好马上就请医生来。

  She can't do anything but ask silly questions. 她一直在问一些愚蠢的问题。

  Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。

  He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon. 他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。

  We cannot help but admire his courage.  我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气

  ④、如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词except或but/other than之后的不定式可不带to。

  The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。

  They could do nothing but/other than wait for the doctor to come. 他们只能等待医生的到来。

  ⑤、在两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，第二个不定式符号to可省略。

  The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。

  Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m. 你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？

⑥、在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to（变成被动语态时必须带to）。

  She watched the children cross the street. 她看着孩子们穿过了马路。

  They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude. 他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋友道歉。

  Don't forget to have him come earlier. 别忘了让他早点儿来。

  （2）省do的情况

  为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。

  ①、在助动词或情态动词之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。

  She must go but you don't have to.  她必须走，但你没有必要。

  ---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor  你认为我应该去看医生吗？

  ---Yes, I think you ought to.  是的，我想你应该去。

  ②、在want, decide,（would）like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。

  You may go with them if you hope to.  如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。

  ---Did you go to see the Great Wall  你游览长城了吗？

  ---I wanted to, but I was too busy.  我本来想去的，但我太忙了。

  ③、在做宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。

  Don't do anything unless your father tells you to.  除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。

  ---May I use your car   我可以用你的汽车吗？

  ---No, I forbid you to.   不，我禁止你使用。

  ④、在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。

  ---Will you lend me a hand   你能帮我一个忙吗？

  ---I'm willing to, but I can't now.   我很愿意，但现在不行。

  ---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？

  ---I'll be glad to. 我很乐意。

  提示：

  如果动词不定式是to be或to have，则一般不省。

  --- Did you finish the work 你的工作完成了吗？

  --- No, but I hoped to have. 没有，但我希望已经完成了。

  5. 不定式符号to和介词to

  to既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形；to也可以是介词，后接名词或动词的-ing形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有to，我们要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。

  （1）不定式符号to

  He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。

  These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match. 这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。

常见的带不定式符号to的短语：

  be supposed to do应该做某事，be determined to do 决心要做某事，fail to do 未能做某事，go all out to do 全力以赴做某事       ，have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事，have a great mind to do 很想做某事，make a point to do 坚持做某事，make up one's mind to do 决定做某事，take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事，prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事

  （2）介词to    

  If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. 如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。

  You must get used to getting up early. 你必须习惯早起。

  Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers 难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？

常见的带介词to的短语

  be used to 习惯，be equal to 胜任，be given to 沉溺于，be opposed to 反对，be related to与……有关，devote oneself to 献身于，get down to 着手做，give rise to 引起，lead to 导致，look forward to 盼望，object to 反对，pay attention to 注意，put one's mind to 全神贯注于，stick to 坚持，make contribution to为……做贡献，adjust to/adapt to 适应, be addicted to沉迷于

6. 下列结构中常用不定式作主语补足语：

Sb be said/reported/believed/found/known/considered/thought + to do/to be done/to have done/to have been done

如：He is said to have gone abroad. = It is said that he has gone abroad.

Heat is considered to be a form of energy.

（三）、动名词的其他用法补充：

注意下列结构：   

(1) want/need/require doing = want/need/require to be done

(2) be worth doing = be worthy to be done = be worthy of being done

(3) advise/allow/permit/forbid doing sth  

advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth----sb be advised/allowed/permitted/forbidden to to sth

(4) do nothing but do sth 只好做……

enjoy nothing but doing 只喜欢做……

want nothing but to do 只想做……

(5) prefer to do…rather than do… = prefer doing…to doing… = would rather do…than do…

（四）、分词的其他用法补充：

用作独立成分的分词

    有一些分词短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，其形式上不受上下文的影响。常见的有generally/frankly/strictly/honestly speaking一般/坦白/严格说来/老实讲,allowing for…考虑到……， judging from/by…根据……来判断, considering…./taking…into consideration考虑到……, seeing…鉴于/由于……, supposing…假设/如果……, saving…除了……, assuming…假使……, given…考虑到/鉴于……, provided (that…)如果……, compared to/with…与……相比, according to…根据……

如：Judging from his accent, he is from the south.      Generally speaking, he is an honest man.

附：with/without的复合结构

（即with/without + 宾语（名词/代词）+ 宾语补足语（不定式/现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语）

如：I can’t go out to play with so much homework to do.      They pretend to be working all night with their lights burning.      She had to walk home with her bike stolen.      He used to sleep with windows open.      He went to sleep with lights on.      Tom went out with flowers in his hands.