定语从句

一．几个基本概念

1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

3.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。

﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as

﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why

4.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】

5.引导词的功能（作用）：

﹙1﹚连接主句和从句。

﹙2﹚代替先行词（以免重复）。

（3）在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。

 例如： I lost the book which I bought yesterday.

 

二 关系词的用法

1 关系代词的用法

关系词		先行词	从句成分	例   句	备   注
关系代 词	who	人	主语	Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?	whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
	whom	人	宾语	Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
	whose	人或物	定语	I like those books whose topics are about history. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time
	that	人或物	主语，宾语，表语。	A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.
	which	物	主语，宾语	The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
	as	人或物	主语，宾语	He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.	as做宾语一般不省略

 

 

注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上1句），又能作宾语（如上2句）。

whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)

 

典型例题   

1、 -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？

-Yes， he‘s our headmaster.

A. he   B. who    C. which    D. whom

2、The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.

A. which； is                B. whom； was  

C. who； is                  D. who； was

3、Have you seen the film Titanic ___actors are very famous?

A who        B whose        C that          D whom

4、Ann asked the policeman ___he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.

A with him    B with whom    C who          D whom

5、A child ____parents are dead is called an orphan.

A which      B his          C whose         D with

6、This is the reason ______ he told me.

A、that      B、why         C、on which     D、for that

7、Do you know the scientist _______ gave us a talk just now?

A. who       B. whom        C. which         D. whose

8、This is the dictionary _______ Mum gave me for my birthday.

A. which     B. what         C. whose         D. whom

9、Shaolin Temple ________   lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.

A. where    B. which    C. who     D. what

10、—Do you know the girl _______ is standing under the tree?
    —She is my little sister.
      A. who      B. whom    C. whose   D. which

 

课后练习

1. Beijing is the 29th city _______ holds the Olympic Games.
A. where       B. that          C. which     D. what

2. Have you read the book _______ I gave you yesterday?
A. that         B. when         C. where

3. The man _______ came to our party with a present is my old friend.
A. when        B. which         C. who

4. I like writers _______ write short stories.
A. which    B. what    C. whom    D. who

5. This is the question _______ we are talking about now.
A. that       B. who   C. where     D. when

 

6. —What are you looking for?
  —I am looking for the book _______ I bought yesterday.
      A. who       B. which        C. whose

7. Jack, there is someone in the office _______ would like to speak with you.
A. who       B. which        C. whom

8. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _______ works hard.
A. which        B. /          C. whom      D. who

 

2 关系副词的用法

关系词		先行词	从句成分	例   句	备   注
关系副 词	when	时间 如：time, day, morning, night, week, year等	时间状语	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which
	where	地点 如：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等	地点状语	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which
	why	原因，先行词只有reason	原因状语	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which

注意：关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.
 

 

典型例题  

1. — What are you looking for?  

--I am looking for the book ________ I bought yesterday. 

A. who         B. which         C. whose  

2. We know Jackie Chan ________ movies are very popular with the young. 

A. whose        B. that          C. who          D. which

3. Is this university_______ your elder brother will choose this year? 

A. the one        B. that           C. where  

4. —Do you know the boy _______ is standing under the tree?  

--Yes. He’s Peter. He’s new in our class. 

A. where         B. what           C. who          D. whose

5. The house ____ we live is not big. 

A. in that          B. which   C. in which      D. that

6. Do you know the reason ____ he didn’t come? 

A. that   B. which   C. for          D. why

7. The room ____ windows face south is his. 

A. that        B. which   C. whose D. who’s

8. The park, ____ we visited yesterday, is very nice. 

A. where  B. which    C. that   D. when

9. The park, ____ we met with him, is very nice. 

A. where B. which  C. that         D. when

10. The first time ____ I saw her was in 1989. 

A. when   B. which   C. that     D. as

 

3 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：
This is the telegram which he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?

2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：
I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.
= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：
All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.
All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.
His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一个）
His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一个）
4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：
He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.
注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
They are hollow, which makes them very light.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象… …那样”。
（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如：
She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.

典型例题  

1. — Is that the small company you often refer to?

— Right, just the one _______ you know my father used to work for years.

A. that        B. which      C. where      D. as

2. — Where did they fi nish the experiment?

— It was in the lab _______ was taken charge of by Prof. Smith.

A. where    B. /              C. which       D. in which

3. Examination compositions, together with most business letters and government reports, are the main situations _______ formal language is used.

A. in which  B. in that      C. of which   D. of that

4. Which fi lm is the one _______ main actor has won the Best Actor Prize in the fi lm festival?

A. who       B. whom       C. whose     D. which

5. In that country, November 30th is a national festival _______ everyone, men and women, old and young, sings and dances happily in the streets.

A. where     B. when        C. that         D. as

6. This is John Brown, _______ I think has something interesting to tell you.

A. which      B. whom      C. that          D. who

7. We climbed the Huangshan Mountain yesterday, _______, not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors from all over the world.

A. where      B. which      C. that          D. when

8. The famous football player, _______ a big party will be held tomorrow morning, is to arrive this afternoon.

A. in honour of him           B. in his honour

C. in whose honour          D. in which honour

9. _______ was reported in the newspaper, seventeen passengers had been killed in the traffic accident.

A. It             B. As           C. What       D. That

10. The owner paid the worker $10 for tidying the whole building, most of _______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

A. that         B. what         C. when       D. which

 

四．关系词的选择

情   况	用法说明	例   句
只用that的情况	1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.先行词既指人又指物时 5.先行词被the only, the very, the next, the last修饰时 6. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时	1.He told me everything that he knows.   2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况	1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 4．当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时，只用who 5. 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时，只用who 6. 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时，只用who 7. 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m) 8. 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导	1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.   2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.   3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 4. Is there anyone who can answer this question? 5. who He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 6. Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? 7. A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German. There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. 8. She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.

 

 

 

 

as、which和that的区别

从句	区   别	例   句
限制性 定语从句中	名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which	He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性 定语从句中	as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。	They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
the same... as和 the same ...that	the same... as指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物	That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把） That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。

 

五、定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别

类  别	区   别	例   句
定语从句 与 并列句	定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。	①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． 从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom； ②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。
定语从句 与 状语从句	定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。	This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place） Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
	定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。	Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句） It was already five o’clock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
	When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。	This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句） Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
	定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。	It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。 （as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句） It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。 （that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
定语从句 与 同位语从句	定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。	The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句） 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句） The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
定语从句 与 强调句	强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。	①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works． 从结构上看： ①小题是强调句，故填 that。 ②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。

 

典型例题  

[   ] 1. That is _____ he said.

      A. all what                B. all which            C. all that         D. all which

[   ] 2. These are things and persons ___I’ve heard of.

      A. who                      B. whom                C. which       D. that

[   ] 3. Please tell me everything ___you know.

      A. what                     B. that                     C. which           D. all what

[   ]      4. We know the fact ___he has gone to college.

      A. that                       B. which                  C. what            D. why  

[   ] 5.I received the news ____Xiao Ping had passed away.

      A. what                     B. that                     C. which           D. in which

[   ] 6. This is the thing ___he referred to.

      A. who                    B. whom                C. X                        D. what  

[   ] 7. This is the building, in front of ____there is a dog lying on the ground.

      A. that                       B. which                  C. it                  D. X

[   ] 8. This is the things about ___we’re talking.

      A. which                   B. that                     C. X                        D. them

[   ] 9. That is the room, ___is very empty.

      A. that                       B. which                  C. it                 D. as 

[   ] 10. Those are the students, most of ____are very active.

      A. that                       B. them                C. which         D. whom.

[   ] 11. This is the man ___we went to the cinema.

      A. with that               B. with whom                C. with who            D. who 

[   ] 12. The girl ___father lives in Beijing won the first prize in maths.

      A. who                      B. whose                        C. whom           D that

[   ] 13. The factory ___we work is very big..

      A. that                    B. which                    C. where           D. who

[   ] 14. The factory ___we visited is very big.

      A. that                       B. where                   C. in which       D. on which

[   ] 15. This is the day ___we joined the army.

      A. which                   B. that                    C. when           D. in which

[   ] 16. The days ___we spent last year will not be forgotten.

      A. that                       B. on which              C. in which        D. when

[   ] 17. The village ___we stayed in last year is not far from here.

      A. that                       B. where                 C. in which       D. there

[   ] 18. The factory ___sells shoes is near to our school.

      A. that                       B. where                  C. in which       D.  X

[   ] 19. He is very foolish, ____you expected.

      A. which                   B. as                       C. that              D. why

[   ] 20. He has such a book ___I borrowed from the library.

A. which                        B. that                     C. as                  D. what

 

参考答案

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