HAD BETTER的用法及意义研讨
(2012-08-15 11:49:27)
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英语语言学研究学术论文 |
本文首发于北京第二外语学院学报《学报》1989年第1期
HAD BETTER是个形态古怪,却又频于使用的日常词语。对其用法及意义,国内众多辞书虽作了大量的阐述,但似乎缺乏深入细致的考究及探讨,以致不少英语学习者在语言交际上不免时见疏虞,或失之偏颇。本文试就这两方面作一番探索,以祈拾零补阙,抛砖引玉。现分述如下:
一、语法方面
1.
1)You had better be quick.
2)We had better go back.—— the risk is great.
3)The boys had better cease shouting.
2.
4a)*He has better (or will better) see a doctor.
而应该说:
4b)He had better see a doctor.
同理,我们既可以说:
5a)I think you had better put on my overcoat.
也可以说:
5b)I thought you had better put on my overcoat.
3.
6)You had better take care.
7)You’d better be working harder if you want to get this done today.
8)I suppose I had better be going.
9)You’d better have made up your mind when I call tomorrow.
10)The matter had better be left as it is.
11)Breakfast had better be eaten before 9 o’clock.
值得一提的是,“had better + have + -ed分词”常用来表示“过去当为而不为”的动作或行为。带责备口吻。例如:
12)You had better have gone already.
13)You had better have done it yesterday.
事实上,上述句12)与句13),不论从语法上或从语义上分析,都完全等同于下列句14)与句15):
14)You should have gone already.
15)You should have done it yesterday.
然而,习惯上,人们似乎更倾向于采取should式表达。
4.
16)You had better not try.
17)You had better not be doing so.
18)You ‘d better not wake me up when you come in.
19)We’d better not go until your sister arrives.
但在现代英语的非正式文体中,使用had not better的场合亦不罕见,尤其是否定疑问式及缩写式(参见T. Crowell, 1964,§H.1;费致德,1982,p.414)。例如:
20)Had we not better go to the station to meet them?
21)Had I not better take him upstairs and let him lie down a little?
22)You hadn’t better stay up late.
23)Hadn’t you better make haste?
24)You had better take what you said, hadn’t you?
5.
25)Had I better tell him the secret?
26)What had I better do?
27)Hadn’t you better stop ringing that bell?
6.
28)You had better take an umbrella with you.
~ 28a)You’d better take an umbrella with you.
~ 28b)You better take an umbrella with you.
~ 28c)Better take an umbrella with you.
7.
(1)had best(用于增强语势)。例如:
29)You had best talk little!
30)I thought I had best have your opinions first.
(2)would better。例如:
31)You would better behave yourself!
32)I suggest he would better turn off the radio.
但would better不宜用于第一人称场合(参见费致德,1982,p.413;钱歌川,1981,pp.280 – 81)。比如,不可以说:
33a)*I would better hurry up or I’ll be late.
而应该说:
33b)I had better/best hurry up or I’ll be late.
(3)would best。例如:
34)I think he would best rent a house.
35)You would best leave the girl in my charge.
但这种用法似乎尚未取得普遍认可的语法地位(参见P. Procter, 1978, p.88;费致德,1982,p.413)。
8.
36)She had much better be mending her husband’s clothes. (H. Poustma, 1926 – 29, p.363)
37)We had far better have bought the other one. (张道真,1982,p.1973)
二、语义方面
1.
国内出版的辞书多将这一含义简单地解释为“最好……”或“还是……(为)好”。如此释义固然无可厚非,但似乎言不尽意。因为,这容易给人造成错觉,即它表达一种客气、礼貌的建议,属委婉说法。其实,had better并不包含任何委婉的成分;正相反,它带有训导之类的语气,态度严肃、生硬,颇有“居高临下,指手画脚”之势。且看The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English(《简明牛津辞典》)对had better所下的释义是would find it suitable, more to your advantage。这就是说,该习语的基本含义是劝导对方怎么做才算明智,如何办较适宜、较有利等等。由此,“以长者自居”的口吻昭然若揭。倘用于第一人称,自然不易引起误会;若用于其它人称,尤其是第二人称场合,除非说话人确乎符合“长者”身份,否则慎用,以免引起对方的不快甚至反感。当然,如果双方过从甚密,谈吐不拘,则另当别论。总之,大凡需要表现客气、礼貌的场合,使用had better均属欠妥,应改用其它委婉表达法。
2.
W. McMordie的English Idioms and How to Use Them(《英语成语及应用》)一书将you had better的含义注释为it is better that you should;而B. Evans & C. Evans 的A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage(《当代美国英语惯用法词典》)及P. Procter的Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(《朗门当代英语词典》)则直截了当地将其注解为should,must或ought to,其间接命令或责备的语气显露无疑。例如:
38)You had better tell the police what you have heard.
39)You had better mind your own business.
40)You had better have been here ten minutes ago.
3.
F. T. Wood 在他的English Colloquial Idioms(《英语通俗成语词典》)一书对该词语的注释中有一条,即in the nature of a threat(具有威胁性质)。可想而知,这个词义乃分别从前述两种(规劝、告诫和间接命令、责备)引申而来——强烈的规劝即为“警告”,强硬的间接命令便成“威胁”。这时,用上had better,目的在于充分暗示“一切后果(由你等)自负”,“勿谓言之不予也”诸如此类的言外之意。例如:
41)You’d better quit it out, or else I’ll punish you.
42)—— I’ll pay you the money by the end of the month.
43)—— You’d better.
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