时间介词IN和AFTER的用法区别
(2012-08-15 11:44:15)
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英语语言学研究学术论文 |
时间介词IN和AFTER的用法区别
本文首发于浙江教育学院《教学月刊》1986年第3期
时间介词in和after在语义及用法上,既有类似,又有迥异。本文拟从归纳和比较两方面来探讨两者的异同。所引的例句尽量选自现行的中学英语教材,并注明出处,以期辅助教学实践。
一、in表示:1. “时段之内” 2. “时段之后”
1.
因此,它适用于动词的过去、现在及将来时态。例如:
In 1915 Joe Hill led a strike in Salt Lake City. (JB6, p.15)
We have four lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. (JB1, p.119)
In the next hour, over 5,000 more babies will be born on the earth. (JB4, p.156)
2.
What will happen in a hundred years? (JB4, p.156)
I hear he’ll be back in a month. (JB5, p.1)
倘若将上句的“立语点”(说话时间)换为“过去”,则下句亦成立:
I heard he would be back in a month.
这里,in a month指相对于“立语点”的将来时段,would属将来时态。
再看下面的一个句子:
My son’s birthday is in two week’s time. (试用本JB6, p.15)
这里,一般现在时is显然被借以表示将来,代替将来时will be。
3.
We haven’t seen each other in (= for) weeks.
这种用法,通常出现在in与no,not,only,first以及最高级词连用的场合。例如:
We slept as if we had not had a sound sleep in (= for) a long time.
My father has stayed in bed only in (= for) three days.
This is the first time I’ve met her in (=
for) two years.
This is the best book I have read in (= for) years.
二、after表示1. “时点之后” 2. “时段之后”
1.
After graduation, he went to work, first as a teacher, then in a government office. (试用本SB2, p.66)
Where do you usually play after class? (JB3, p.19)
I will be free after twelve.
2.
After a few minutes she started to cry again. (JB3, p.63)
After a while he put down his book, looked at us in silence for several minutes. (试用本SB2, p.4)
After only six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. (试用本SB1, p.2)
3.
We stayed at home for ten days after May 1st.
以上的ten days系指从五月二日算起到五月十一日为止的10天。
He was sent to hospital the day after falling ill.
以上的the day系指“发病的后一天”,即隔天。
三、析疑
比较上述两方面的含义及用法可知,容易引起混淆的是以下两种情况:
1.
in解为“时段之后”时,表示将来时段,一般只适用于动词的将来时态
after解为“时段之后”时,表示过去时段,一般只适用于动词的过去时态
所以,
He will / would come back in three years.
He came back after three years.
2.
in与将来时连用,解为“时段之内”时
in与将来时连用,解为“时段之后”时
这时,必须分析两种不同的含义:
I will see him several times in a week.
I will come and see him again in a week.
He will learn a foreign language in two years.
He will begin to learn a foreign language in two years.
以上两组句中的前一句,若用within取代in,则词义更为明确。
如何分析、判断两者之异?
须从in短语所修饰的动词(通常是谓语动词)的体性(aspective character)入手,因为对介词in的含义起着支配作用的首决因素是动词的体性,而不是时态:
1)凡语义上属持续体(durative aspect)及重复体(iterative aspect)动词者,in一般解为“时段之内”。in短语的时间下限表示持续动作(或状态)或者重复动作的终止时间。前面两组句中,第一组第一句的谓语动词see(several times)属重复体,而第二组第一句的谓语动词learn属持续体,故in解为“时段之内”。又如:
In the next two days, we can do nothing but wait.
We will visit quite a few countries in a fortnight.
以上句子中的谓语动词do和visit,在语义上均属持续体动词。
2)凡语义上属瞬间体(momentary aspect)动词者,in一般解为“时段之后”。in短语的时间下限表示瞬间动作的起始时间。前面两组句中的第二句的谓语动词(come and) see (again) 及begin,在语义上均属瞬间体动词,故in解为“时段之后”。又如:
In five minutes the clock will strike one.
He will graduate in one year.
I’ll be with you in a minute.
以上句子中的谓语动词strike,graduates及be(with you),在语义上均属瞬间体动词。
但注意以下两方面:
1)一些表示“完成”、“结束”含义的动词,语义上虽属瞬间体,但in却解为“时段之内”(而不是“时段之后”),指“完成”某事所需的时间宽限。例如:
We have to finish our compositions in two hours.
The bridge is to be completed in six months.
They did the journey in four days.
Rome was not built in one day.
Yes, it can be repaired in two days. (JB6, p.38)
2)某些动词语义含蓄的场合。例如:
I expect him here in a couple of days.
这里,谓语动词expect属持续体动词,但in短语却表示“时段之后”。原因是,本句把in短语所修饰的瞬间体动词come (here) 含蓄了,即
I expect him to come here in a couple of
days.
或者,
I expect that he will come here in a couple of days.
【注】本句费致德在他所著的《现代英语惯用法词典》一书中,将其in的含义解释为“at the end of”,显然欠妥。(详见该书p.472)
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