人称代词的替指用法
(2012-08-14 18:50:55)
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英语教学研究 |
人称代词的替指用法
杨世廉 撰文
顾名思义,人称代词是主要用来指代人的代词。在现代英语中,这类词在语法上应体现数、性、格和人称的区别,即存在两个数(单数、复数)、3个性(阳性、阴性和中性)、3个格(主格、宾格和属格)以及3个人称(第一人称、第二人称和第三人称)的不同形式,使用时,原则上必须与所指代的对象保持一致的对应关系。这属人称代词的正常指代范围。
但是有的时候,我们会发现,在某种特定的场合里,人称代词的应用在数、性和人称方面超越了正常的指代范围,即它并非行使自己固有的职能,指代原属的对象,而是代替别的人称代词(有时是不定代词)行使职能,指代另外的对象。这种语义上的“越俎代庖”现象,我们称之为“人称代词的替指用法。”
人称代词的替指用法不仅表现在主格上,同时也反映在与主格相关联的宾格、属格,甚而反身代词上。它们时而出现于教科书以及课外阅读材料中,似有必要加以系统归纳整理,以供参考方便。现列举如下:
一、在文章或演讲中,we常用来代替I,指代作者或演讲者本人。例如:
1)We notice that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.
2)Let us now turn to another topic.
3)In our opinion this is the best film of the year.
二、长辈对晚辈讲话时,we有时用来代替you,指代听话者。例如:
4)How are we feeling today then?
医生对病孩这么说,意在体现一种屈尊姿态,语气上显得亲切、体恤。
三、在通俗的口语体中,尤其是祈使句,us有时用来代替me,指代讲话者本人。例如:
5)Give us a kiss, love.
6)Tell us what he said.
7)Let’s have a look.
四、在口语体中,we可用来代替不定代词one,泛指一般人。例如:
8)We watched the Mona Lisa and asked ourselves, why’s she smiling?
9)We should keep calm even when we are in great danger.
五、在口语体中,you也可用来代替不定代词one,泛指一般人。例如:
10)You must ask your neighbours if you shall live in peace.
11)You eat to live and not live to eat.
六、在口语体中,they也可用来代替不定代词,泛指people(人家、人们),不包括述听双方在内。例如:
12)They don’t allow us to smoke here.
13)They say there’s going to be another good harvest this year.
14)Here’s the bus. They’ll tell you where to get off.
七、在口语体中,he可用来代替不定代词,泛指anyone(任何人)。例如:
15)He laughs best who laughs last.
16)He who knows others is learned, and he who knows himself is wise.
17)He that is once born, once must die.
八、在口语体中,为回避somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,everybody,everyone,nobody,no-one,whoever,a person等通性词语所引起的性别区分问题, they常用来代替he或she。例如:
18)Someone left their umbrella behind yesterday.
19)If anybody calls , tell them I’m out ,but take their name and address.
20)Everyone thinks they’re the centre of the universe.
21)Nobody came, did they?
22)Whoever comes, tell them to go away.
23)When a person has no will to live, they are often very difficult to help.
24)Nearly every parent must have asked themselves these questions.
但在比较正式的文体中,一般使用he,未必代表男性。
九、对性别不详或不确的人,he可用来代替事实上可能的she。例如:
25)A teacher is usually very interested in his students.
26)Who lost his way in the forest?
27)If you have an elderly or infirm neighbour, keep an eye on him.
十、动物人格化场合,可用he或she代替it。例如:
28)Give the cat some food. He’s hungry.
29)Be careful of the dog —— he sometimes bites.
30)A crocodile was swimming near the bank with her baby.
31)The wolf in sheep’s clothing hid himself among a flock of sheep.
这种替指用法甚至推而广之到某些无性别标志的动物名词上,以示雌雄之分。例如:
十一、非生物人格化场合,亦可用he或she代替it。例如:
32)The sun is shining in all his splendid beauty.
33)Just look at the new plane. A beautiful thing, she is!
34)—— How’s your motorcycle?
35)The car needs some petrol. Fill her up, George.
在句34)和句35)中,如说话者是该车子的女主人,则她很可能分别用he和him来表达。
十二、国家、团体、机构等人格化场合,也可用she代替it。例如:
36)China will always do what she has promised to do.
37)Our Party is correcting her own faults.
38)Oxford taught me as much Latin and Greek as she could.
十三、对身份或情况未明的人,it可用来代替he或she。例如:
39)—— Who’s that?
—— It’s John.
40)A tall man stood up and shook hands. It was Captain Laurie.
十四、对性别特征不明显或不重要的婴儿或幼孩,常用it代替he或she。例如:
41)The baby was sleeping in its cot.
42)The infant is dabbling its hands in water.
43)There’s a child in the room. Why, it’s crying.
但如果说话者是孩子的父母亲,或有意强调其性别时,则用he或she表达。例如:
44)Look out! My baby is trying to put the toy watch into his / her mouth.
以上种种,系现代英语中的常见用法。至于有些场合,比如昔日的帝王以we代替I之称,因属陈旧或过时用法,本文不多作赘述。