加载中…渐---《丰子恺》
(2024-09-15 22:27:51)
人之能堪受境遇的变衰，也全靠这“渐”的助力。巨富的纨袴子弟因屡次破产而“渐渐”荡尽其家产，变为贫者；贫者只得做雇工，雇工往往变为奴隶，奴隶容易变为无赖，无赖与乞丐相去甚近，乞丐不妨做偷儿……这样的例，在小说中，在实际上，均多得很。因为其变衰是延长为十年二十年而一步一步地“渐渐”地达到的，在本人不感到甚么强烈的刺激。故虽到了饥寒病苦刑笞交迫的地步，仍是熙熙然贪恋着目前的生的欢喜。假如一位千金之子忽然变了乞丐或偷儿，这人一定愤不欲生了。
这真是大自然的神秘的原则，造物主的微妙的工夫！阴阳潜移，春秋代序，以及物类的衰荣生杀，无不暗合于这法则。由萌芽的春“渐渐”变成绿阴的夏；由凋零的秋“渐渐”变成枯寂的冬。我们虽已经历数十寒暑，但在围炉拥衾的冬夜仍是难于想像饮冰挥扇的夏日的心情；反之亦然。然而由冬一天一天地，一时一时地，一分一分地，一秒一秒地移向夏，由夏一天一天地，一时一时地，一分一分地，一秒一秒地移向冬，其间实在没有显著的痕迹可寻。昼夜也是如此：傍晚坐在窗下看书，page上“渐渐”地黑起来，倘不断地看下去，（目力能因了光的渐弱而渐渐加强）几乎永远可以认识page上的字迹，即不觉昼之已变为夜。黎明凭窗，不瞬目地注视东天，也不辨自夜向昼的推移的痕迹。儿女渐渐长大起来，在朝夕相见的父母全不觉得，难得见面的远亲就相见不相识了。往年除夕，我们曾在红蜡烛底下守候水仙花的开放，真是痴态！倘水仙花果真当面开放给我们看，便是大自然的原则的破坏，宇宙的根本的摇动，世界人类的末日临到了！
“渐”的作用，就是用每步相差极微缓的方法来隐蔽时间的过去与事物的变迁的痕迹，使人误认其为恒久不变。这真是造物主骗人的一大诡计！这有一件比喻的故事：某农夫每天朝晨抱了犊而跳过一沟，到田里去工作，夕暮又抱了它跳过沟回家。每日如此，未尝间断。过了一年，犊已渐大，渐重，差不多变成大牛，但农夫全不觉得，仍是抱了它跳沟。有一天他因事停止工作，次日再就不能抱了这牛而跳沟了。造物的骗人，使人留连于其每日每时的生的欢喜而不觉其变迁与辛苦，就是用这个方法的，人们每日在抱了日重一日的牛而跳沟，不准停止。自己误以为是不变的，其实每日在增加其苦劳！
我觉得时辰钟是人生的最好的象征了。时辰钟的针，平常一看总觉得是“不动”的，其实人造物中最常动的无过于时辰钟的针了。日常生活中的人生也如此，刻刻觉得我是我，似乎这“我”永远不变，实则与时辰钟的针一样地无常！一息尚存，总觉得我仍是我，我没有变，还是留连着我的生，可怜受尽“渐”的欺骗！
“渐”的本质是“时间”。一般人对于时间的悟性，似乎只够支配搭船、乘车的短时间；对于百年的长期间的寿命，他们不能胜任，往往迷于局部而不能顾及全体。试看乘火车的旅客中，常有明达的人，有的宁牺牲暂时的安乐而让其坐位于弱者，以求心的太平（或博暂时的美誉）；有的见众人争先下车，而退在后面，或高呼“勿要轧，总有得下去的！”“大家都要下去的！”然而在乘“社会”或“世界”的大火车的“人生”的长期的旅客中，就少有这样的明达之人。所以我觉得百年的寿命，定得太长。像现在的世界上的人，倘定他们搭船乘车的期间的寿命，也许在人类社会上可减少许多凶险残惨的争斗。而与火车中一样地谦让，和平，也未可知。
Gradualness
Feng
Zikai
The subtle factor that makes life endurable
is "gradualness". It is by this "gradualness" that the Creator
deceives all humans. Through the process of imperceptible gradual
change, innocent kids become ambitious youths, chivalrous youths
become unfeeling grownups, aggressive grownups become mulish old
fogeys. Since the change takes place by slow degrees — year by
year, month by month, day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute,
second by second, you feel as if you were permanently your same old
self always seeing much fun and meaning in life, like one, walking
a long, long way down an extremely gentle mountain slope, hardly
perceives its degree of incline or notices the altered scenes as he
moves along. You thus take a positive view of life and find it
endurable. Suppose a kid suddenly became a young man overnight, or
a young man suddenly became an old man in a matter of hours from
dawn till dusk, you would definitely feel astonished, emotionally
stirred and sad, or lose any interest in life due to its
transience. Hence it is evident that life is sustained by
"gradualness". This "gradualness" is particularly crucial to women.
Beautiful young ladies starring in an opera or stage show will
someday end up becoming grannies moping their remaining years away
around a fire. This may at first sound incredible and young ladies
may refuse to accept it as true. Fact is, however, all aged women
you meet today have without exception "gradually" evolved from
beautiful young ladies of yesterday.
It is also due to this "gradualness" that one
is able to reconcile himself to his reduced circumstances. Fiction
and reality abound with instances of a good-for-nothing young man
from a wealthy family "gradually" ruining his family by repeated
business failures and becoming in turn a poor wretch, a hired
labourer, a slave, a rogue, a pauper and a thief... Since it is a
process of "gradual" change covering, say, ten to twenty years, he
doesn't experience any terrible emotional shock at all. Therefore,
in spite of all the intense sufferings — hunger, cold, illness,
imprisonment, torture, he continues to cling to the present life.
On the other hand, however, if the wealthy young man were all of a
sudden reduced to begging and thieving, he would definitely feel
too aggrieved to go on living.
Gradualness is really the mysterious law of
Mother Nature, the subtle artifice of the Creator! The unnoticed
mutual replacement of opposites, the change of the four seasons and
the survival or extinction of species — all is imperceptibly
governed by this law. Budding spring "gradually" changes into
verdant summer; withered autumn "gradually" changes into bleak
winter. Though we have gone through several dozen years, yet on a
winter night, when we sit around a fire or lie in bed, we can
hardly imagine how we would feel on a summer day Consuming cold
drinks and fanning ourselves busily, and vice versa. Th gradual
change from winter to summer, or from summer to winter takes place
day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute, second by second,
without leaving any marked traces in between. The same with
daylight gradually fading into night. When you sit by your window
reading a book towards the evening, you'll find the words on each
page "gradually" becoming blurred. But if you keep on reading, with
the words still legible (due to the gradual strengthening of your
eyesight in the deepening twilight), you'll be unconscious of
daylight already transformed into night. Likewise, when at dawn you
stand intently gazing out of a window into the eastern horizon, you
never feel the transition from night to day. While parents living
together with their children all the time never perceive their
gradual growth, they may fail to recognize, however, a distant
relative whom they have not seen for quite some time. I remember
how, on each New Year's Eve, we used to sit by a red candle to
eagerly wait for our narcissus to come into full bloom. How silly
we were! If the narcissus had really come into bloom in our
presence at our desire, it would have meant the violation of the
law of Nature, the weakening of the foundation of the universe, and
the last day of humanity!
Through bit-by-bit change, "gradualness"
conceals from notice the lapse of time and the change of things, so
that people are misled into believing that everything remains the
same eternally. What a trick the Creator is playing on humans! Here
is a story by way of illustration. There was a farmer who would
jump over a ditch holding a calf in his arms on his way to work in
the fields every morning and also on his way back home every
evening. A year later, the calf had grown bigger and heavier,
almost like a cow, but the farmer, insensible to its increasing
weight, continued the same old daily routine. One day, however, he
didn't go to work for some reason. And starting from the next day,
he was no longer able to carry his calf in his arms in jumping over
the ditch. The Creator uses the same trick to make you so obsessed
with life that you become oblivious to its changeableness and
hardships. You are kept jumping over the ditch nonstop day after
day with the growing calf in your arms. While you suppose wrongly
that life is immutable, you are in fact putting heavier burdens on
yourself from day to day.
I think the clock is most symbolic of life.
It normally seems to be "still" at first sight, but, of all things
artificially made, it is the most busy with its hands moving all
the time. The same is true of life. We are apt to think that we are
forever our own selves and unchangeable, while in fact we are
ever-changing like the hands of a clock. Alas, as long as we are
alive, we are completely fooled by "gradualness" into believing
that we will always remain the same and unchangeable, and therefore
becoming only too ready to hold on to this life!
Time is the essence of "gradualness".
Ordinary people have only a superficial understanding of time. They
seem to know it only as regards such small matters as boarding a
train or boat, but not in things concerning a lifetime. They see
the trees, but not the wood. Take the passengers of a train for
example. Often some passengers are sensible and considerate enough
to offer their own seats to the elderly or handicapped so that they
themselves can enjoy peace of mind or momentary public praise.
Some, when they see other passengers falling over one another in
getting off the train, purposely make room by staying behind, or
call out, "Don't squeeze! We'll all make it! Nobody will be left
behind!" But few will be as sensible and considerate when making
the long journey of life on board a big "social" or "global" train.
Therefore, I wish man would live a much shorter life. If their
lifespan could become as brief as the time they spent on a train or
a boat, human society would probably witness far less bitter
strife, and people would be as polite and modest as on the
train.
立 论
鲁 迅
我梦见自己正在小学校的讲堂上预备作文，向老师请教立论的方法。
“难！”老师从眼镜圈外斜射出眼光来，看着我，说。“我告诉你一件事——
“一家人家生了一个男孩，合家高兴透顶了。满月的时候，抱出来给客人看，——大概自然是想得一点好兆头。
“一个说：‘这孩子将来要发财的。’他于是得到一番感谢。
“一个说：‘这孩子将来要做官的。’他于是收回几句恭维。
“一个说：‘这孩子将来是要死的。’他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛打。
“说要死的必然，说富贵的许谎。但说谎的得好报，说必然的遭打。你……”
“我愿意既不谎人，也不遭打。那么，老师，我得怎么说呢？”
“那么，你得说：‘啊呀！这孩子呵！您瞧！多么……啊唷！哈哈！
On Presenting a View
Lu Xun
I dreamed
that while preparing to write a composition in a primary school
classroom I asked the teacher how to present a
view.
That's a hard
nut, said the teacher, giving me a sidelong glance over his
glasses. "Let me tell you this story —"
"When a baby
boy is born to a family, there is immense joy in the whole
household. When he is one month old, they invite some people over
for taking a look at him — customarily, of course, in expectation
of some good wishes. One of the guests receives hearty thanks for
saying, 'The child is destined to be rich.'"
One of the
guests receives hearty thanks for saying, 'The child is destined to
be rich.'
"Another is
paid some compliments in return for saying, 'The child is destined
to be an official.' Still another, however, is given a sound
beating by the whole family for saying, 'The child will eventually
die.'"
Still
another, however, is given a sound beating by the whole family for
saying, 'The child will eventually die.'
To call the
child mortal is to state the inevitable while to say that the child
will become very rich or a high official is probably a lie. Yet the
former gets a thrashing while the latter is rewarded. You
...
I don't want
to tell a lie, and neither do I want to be beaten. Then what should
I do, sir?
Well, just
say, 'Ai-ya, this child! Just look! Oh, my! Hah! Hehe! He,
hehehehe!'
Hehe! he,
hehehehe!’”
《立论》是鲁迅1925年7月8日在北京写的一篇短文，1927年7月编入散文诗集《野草》。文章写“立论之难”，悲诉人生，感叹在现实生活中人们不敢说真话或有话难于直说，导致假话盛行。《转自:听力课》
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