一. Radford关于complement和adjunct的论述
Radford在他的TG语法书中,讲到Noun
Phrase的时候提出来complement和adjunct。他区分了两种不同的修饰名词的后置短语,即补语complement和附加语adjunct。例如:
a. a student [of
physics] (complement)
b. a student [with long
hair] (adjunct)
例句a中,斜体的of physics是student
的补语,它说明了这个学生学习的科目;但是在b句中,并没有告诉任何句中学生学习科目的信息,而仅仅是关于句中学生的附加信息。
He is [a student of Physics].
He is [studying Physics].
He is [a student with long hair].
*He is [studying long hair].
传统上,基于语义上的区分,将of Physics看作complement,而将with
long hair看作adjunct。
在句法上,Radford将它们的区分为:
Determiners expand N-bar into N-double-bar
Adjuncts expand N-bar into N-bar
Complements expand N into N-bar
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具体来说,补语complement永远比附加语adjunct更接近于中心名词。例如:
a. the student [of Physics][with long
hair]
b. *the student [with long
hair][of Physics]
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之后,Radford又从语义和句法两个大方面给出了complement和adjunct更多的不同在之处。
语义上,他提到了disambiguation,消除歧义。补语和附加语调区分可以很好的解决句子歧义问题。例如:
a student [of high moral principles]
这个短语有两个不同的理解:
a person who studies high moral
principles
a student who has high moral principles
对应的结构有:
a[N'[N student]of high moral
principles]
complement
a[N'[N'[N student]]of high moral
principles]
adjunct
在句法方面,Radford做了如下区分:
首先,Adjunct Rule是递归性的,而Complement Rule不是:
N''→(D)N' [Determiner Rule]
N'→ N' PP [Adjunct Rule:optional]
N'→ N (PP) [Complement Rule]
第二,student, student with long hair, student
with long hair in the corner,都是pro-N-bar
constituents,所以在适当的语境中都可以被one来代替:
Which [student]? The one with long hair in
the corner?
Which [student with long hair]? The one in
the corner?
Which [student with long hair in the corner]?
That one?
第三,在搭配协调上,补语和附加语是存在差别的:
a student [of Physics] and [of Chemistry]
a student [with long hair] and [with short
arms]
* a student [of Phyiscs] and [with long
hair]
* a student [with long hair] and [of
Physics]
以上例子说明complement和adjunct是在不同层面上的。
第四,Extraposition facts:介词短语附加语PP
Adjuncts可以并介词短语补语PP Complements更自由地外置于它们的中心词。例如:(介词短语后置)
a student came to see me
yesterday [with long hair]
* a student came to see me
yesterday [of Physics]
我们可以说,一个介词短语与其中心词关系越紧密,越难被外置。
又如:(介词短语前置)
[What branch of Physics]
are you a student of?
*[What kind of hair] are
you a student with?
第五,同现限制Co-occurrence
Restrictions:PP Complement前只允许一些特定的前置成分,如一些名词:
a student of Physics
*a boy of Physics
*a girl of Physics
*a teenager of Physics
*a punk of Physics
相较而言,PP
Adjunct前可以修饰任何成分的中心词:
a student with long
hair
a boy with long hair
a teenager with long
hair
a punk with long hair
第六,只有介词性短语和从句能够充当名词的补语:
the suggestion [that we
should abandon cruise missiles]
the demand [for him to
resign]
the question [whether
enthamasia is ethical]
而可作后置附加语的成分及很多了,不只是介词短语,还可以是暂时性的名词短语,形容词短语及从句。例如:
the abolition of taxes
[next year]
those students of Physics
[absent from class]
the king of England [who
abdicated]
二. 异议
首先,语义上的区分是不具有刚性的。
一个看似语义奇怪的句子中特定的语境下就可能是合理的。例如上面提到的
a. the
student [of Physics][with long hair]
b. *the student [with
long hair][of Physics]
第二个句子若强调“with long
hair”这个意思,为何不可将其放于of Phsics前?
另,上面论述的第三和第五点,在不考虑语义的情况下完全是合乎语法的。
而第四点的解释也是牵强的,混入语义的。
其次,Radford关于complement和adjunct句法上的区分,是基于其之前的N-bar理论,但N-bar理论的提出本身就是存在问题的。
所以按照经济原则,complement和adjunct的区分是没必要的。
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