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否定转移及其功能词的理解和翻译

(2014-12-31 09:31:55)
否定转移及其功能词的理解和翻译 
 
1. 什么叫否定转移? 
我们先来看两个句子: 
1) All is not gold the glitters.( Proverb ) 
凡发光者并非都是黄金。(闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。) 
2) I don’t think he is right.我认为他不对。 
例1 中,否定谓语动词的not 在实际意义和逻辑上否定 
all ,否则“所有闪光的不是金子”显然与常识不符; 例2 
中,否定谓语动词的not 实际上是否定宾语从句“he is not 
right”。象think 这类动词, 欧美人习惯于用否定而不否定其 
宾语从句,如将其变成“I think he is not right.” ,他们反倒 
觉得别扭,不正常。 
这种形式上否定一个词,实际意义和逻辑上是否定另一 
个词,语法上称其为“转移否定”或“否定转移”(transferred 
negation)。 
2. 为何研究否定转移? 
由于英汉语思维习惯不同,汉语一般不具备否定转移功 
能,否定点往往紧跟在否定词后面,因此一般不存在否定转 
移的情况;而英语具有否定转移功能,其否定点往往并非紧 
随其否定词之后,而被其它成分隔开。这样在互译否定句型 
时,常常会出现否定成分的误译。因此,弄清什么是否定转 
移,哪些词具有否定转移的功能,对我们的学习和翻译显得 
非常重要。 
3. 否定转移功能词的分类理解和翻译 
英语中具有否定转移功能的词屡见不鲜,我们把它叫着 
否定转移功能词。笔者经过长期的学习和翻译实践,把这些 
l 收稿日期:2003-08-26 
l 作者简介:黄碧蓉(1967-),女,湖南邵阳人,讲师, 
主要从事翻译和英语语言学研究。 
功能词大体概括起来,分为以下九种类型: 
3.1 判断性动词由否定谓语转为否定宾语从句的某一 
成分或宾语补语 
这类词主要包括think, suppose, believe, consider, expect, 
fancy, imagine, anticipate, find(感到), guess, figure, reckon 
等。这些动词一般不带否定的宾语从句或宾语补语,因此在 
表述否定概念时,往往否定这些动词,从而出现否定概念的 
转移,在翻译时应将这些动词译为肯定,而把其后的宾语从 
句或宾语补语译为否定。例如: 
1) I don’t think this is worth trying.我认为这不值得一试。 
此句若不作否定转移,而直译为“我不认为这值得一 
试”,显然与我们汉语的表达习惯不符。我们再看以下各句: 
2) I don’t believe that he will come tomorrow. ( will not 
come… )我认为他明天不会来。 
3) They do not consider that pure science is more 
important than applied science.( is not more important … )他们 
认为理论科学并不比应用科学重要。 
4) I do not expect you need take medicine. ( need not 
take… )我想你不需要吃药。 
5) We do not consider melting or boiling to be chemical 
change. ( not to be … )我们认为熔化和沸腾不是化学反应。 
6) I’m not anticipating that such a simple question will be 
beyond your understanding. ( will not be beyond … )我料想 
这么简单的问题你不会不懂。 
7) I don’t recon she is old enough to go to school. ( is not 
old enough … )我认为她还没到上学的年纪。 
8) I do not suppose for a minute that he’ll agree. ( will 
not agree. )我认为他决不会同意。 
9) I don’t fancy that it’s going to rain today. ( is not 
going … )我认为今天不会下雨。 
10) I can not imagine that anyone cares what I do. 
( doesn’t care … )我想没人会关心我的所作所为。 
11) Seeing a ball flying we , we don’t expect the ball to 
fly forever. ( not to fly …) 看到球飞时,我们认为它不会永 
远飞下去。 
但是上述判断性动词如出现以下情况时,则其否定不发 
生转移: 
113 
3.1.1 think , expect 作料想讲时,例如: 
1) I didn’t expect I’d meet you here. 我没料到会在这 
里碰上你。 
2) We didn’t think he is such a selfish man. 我们没料 
到他是这样一个自私的人。 
3.1.2 suppose , think 用于祈使句式或被副词修饰时, 
例如: 
1) Don’t suppose you have passed the exam, this is only 
a part of the exam. 别以为你通过了考试,这仅仅是考试 
的一部分。 
2) I simply don’t think you will give me a hand when 
I’m in difficulty. 我根本不指望你在我困难的时候能帮助我。 
3.1.3 上述动词与情态动词一起构成否定时,例如: 
1) I can’t imagine how he could survive that car accident. 
我想象不出在那次车祸中他是怎样活命的。 
2) I can’t believe this has taken place on our campus. 
我难以相信这件事竟发生在校园里。 
3) We could not think where she has gone to. 我们想不 
出来她到哪里去了。 
3.1.4 上述动词所接的宾语从句中如有all , every , 
many , both 等表全体意义的词或副词时,例如: 
1) I don’t believe both of them are innocent.我不相信他 
们两个都是清白的。 
2) I never expect all the students will do the exercises 
after classes.我从不抱希望于所有学生都会在课外做作业。 
3) We don’t consider everybody in our class is interested 
in this topic.我们并不认为班里的每个人都对这个话题感兴趣。 
4) He doesn’t think that everyone who believes will go 
to heaven. 他并不认为凡信神者都将进入天堂。 
3.2 表感觉的系动词与形容词表语构成谓语时,由否 
定谓语转为否定表语 
这类词有feel , seem , taste , appear , look , sound 等。 
例如: 
1) I’m not feeling very well today. My head aches . 
( not very well … )我今天感到不怎么舒服,头痛。 
根据我们的说话习惯,这句话一定得作否定转移,即由 
否定系动词feel 转移到否定其表语very well 。同样的例子 
有很多,如: 
2) The old streets don’t appear deserted. ( not 
deserted . )老街看样子还没被废弃。 
3) I don’t seem to stop coughing . ( not to stop … )我 
的咳嗽看来止不住了。 
4) The food doesn’t taste fresh. ( not fresh . )食物 
偿起来不鲜。 
5) His explanation doesn’t sound reasonable. ( not 
reasonable . ) 他的解释听起来不合情理。 
3.3 表示信念、看法、愿望的名词充当主语从句的表 
语时,由否定谓语转为否定主语从句 
这类词主要有hope , thought , view , opinion , wish , 
expectation , belief , plan 等。例如: 
1) It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot from 
that. ( will not suffer … )我们希望你不要为那事受太多苦。 
该句我们不能翻译成“你为那事受太多苦不是我们的希 
望”,需作否定转移。我们再看看更多的例子: 
2) It is not my opinion that you spend much time on 
computer games. ( do not spend … )我的看法是你不要花太 
多时间玩电脑游戏。 
3) It is not my wish that I am introduced to others at 
parties. ( am not introduced … )我希望在晚会上不要被人介绍。 
4) It is not my view that children learn foreign languages 
till eight. ( not till eight. )我的观点是小孩不必等到八岁才 
学外语。 
5) It is not his belief that one day he will go to the 
university. ( will not go … )他认为将来他上不了大学。 
6) It is not their plan that their homework is done on 
Sunday. ( is not done … )他们计划星期天不做家庭作业。 
3.4 含有全体意义的代词和副词,如all , every 等统 
称为总括词,这些词作主语时,由否定谓语转为否定主语, 
作宾语时,由否定谓语转为否定宾语,因此不表示全部被否 
定,只表示其中的一部分被否定。 
这类词有all , both , every , everybody , everything , 
everywhere , always , altogether , entirely 和wholly 等。例 
如: 
1) All teachers of English are not experienced teachers.并 
非所有的英语老师都是有经验的老师。 
很明显此句的否定需作转移,即由否定谓语转为否定主 
语, 否则,若译成“所有的英语老师都是没经验的老师”就 
有饽于西方人士的思维方式,从而闹下笑话。以下各句均要 
求我们作相应的否定转移,如: 
2) All the answers are not right. ( Not all the answers … ) 
所有的答案并非全对。 
3) Both the children are not clever. ( Not both the 
children … )两个孩子并不都聪明。 
4) Every one can not make music. ( Not every one … ) 
并非人人都能创作音乐。 
5) Everybody, it is true, wouldn’t like it. ( Not 
everybody … )的确不是人人都喜欢它。 
6) I don’t know all of them. ( not all of them. )对于他 
们我不是个个都认识的。 
7) I don’t like both of them. ( not both of them. )这 
114 
两本小说,我不是都喜欢。 
3.4.1 但是,当all 与can not 或 won’t 构成否定 
句式时,其否定不再发生转移,而表示全部否定。例如: 
1) All the foreigners can not pass the borders without 
visas. 所有外国人没有签证均不能过境。 
2) All the treatment won’t make any help for her disease. 
所有的治疗对他的疾病都无用。 
3.5 no 常用来否定句子的主语、宾语、表语和状语, 
从而引起相应的四种否定转移: 
3.5.1 no 否定主语时,由对主语的否定转为对谓语 
的否定,例如: 
1) In general, no new substance forms in a physical 
change. ( doesn’t form … )一般来说,物理变化不形 
成新物质。 
2) No atmosphere has been found on Mercury. ( has 
not been found … )水星上没有发现大气层。 
3) No student is to leave the classroom during an exam. 
(is not to leave … )考试时学生不得离开教室。 
3.5.2 no 否定宾语时,由对宾语的否定转为对谓 
语的否定,例如: 
1) A rolling stone gathers no moss. ( Proverb ) ( doesn’t 
gather any moss. )滚动的石头不长苔。(无恒心者成就不了事 
业) 
2) He showed no fear of heights. ( didn’t show any 
fear …)他不恐高。 
3) Neutrons carry no charge. ( don’t carry any charge. ) 
中子不带电荷。 
4) Finally we found that he had told no lies. ( hadn’t told 
any lie. )最后我们发现他并没讲假话。 
5) She took no money with her when one day she was out 
for the desired dress. (didn’t take any money … ) 一天她外 
出买那套心仪的衣服时,竟忘了带钱。 
3.5.3 no 否定状语时,由对状语的否定转为对谓语 
的否定,例如: 
1) Once I have made up my mind, I will in no case change 
it. ( will not in any case change … ) 一旦我下定了决心,我 
就决不会改变。 
2) I can offer you £100, but I can go no further than that. 
( can’t go any further … ) 我可以给你100 英镑,不能再多 
了。 
3) Under no circumstances can more power be got out of a 
machine than is put into it. (can not more power be 
got … )在任何情况下,机器的输出功率都不可能大于输入 
功率。 
4) He is by no means poor. ( is not by any means … )他 
一点都不穷。 
3.5.4 no 否定表语时,由对表语的否定转为对谓语 
的否定,例如: 
1) This nightclub is no place for a young and innocent girl. 
( is not a place … )这家夜总会不是年轻纯洁女孩可以去的 
地方。 
2) My little daughter feels no fear in darkness. ( doesn’t 
feel any fear … )我的小女儿在黑暗中不感觉害怕。 
3) He appears no fool in court. ( doesn’t appear a 
fool … )在法庭上他看起来一点都不傻。 
3.6 seem , prove , happen 带不定式构成合成谓语, 
由否定谓语转为否定不定式,例如: 
1) The president didn’t happen to attend that meeting. 
( happen not to attend … )董事长碰巧没参加那次会议。 
2) Your answer doesn’t seem to be right. ( seem not to 
be … )你的答案看起来似乎不正确。 
3) Unfortunately his father doesn’t prove to be innocent. 
( prove not to be … )很不幸,他父亲被证明是有罪的。 
3.7 pretend , remember 的宾语为非谓语动词(不定 
式、动名词和分词)时,由否定谓 
语转为否定宾语,即否定非谓语动词。 例如: 
1) My Italian friend didn’t pretend to see her tutor in the 
dining room. ( pretend not to see … )我的意大利朋友在餐 
厅里假装没看见她导师。 
2) I couldn’t remember having carried my wallet out. 
( having not carried … )我记得不曾带钱包出门。但不能译 
成:我不记得曾带钱包出门了。 
3.8 含有not … until 的句子,由否定谓语转为否定 
状语,例如: 
1) Last night I didn’t go to sleep until midnight. ( not 
until midnight. )昨晚我直到午夜才睡。 
2) Everybody didn’t leave the television until the 
announcement of the winner. ( not until the 
announcement … )直到宣布获胜者后大家才离开电视。 
3.9 含有not … because (of) 的句子,情况较复杂, 
需根据逻辑、语境和常识进行判断是否需要作否定转移,如 
需转移的话,往往是由否定谓语转为否定状语。例如: 
1) I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. 我教书 
并不是因为我觉得教书轻松。 
这句话在翻译时需作否定转移,即I teach not because 
teaching is easy for me. 否则如直译成“我不教书是因为我觉 
得教书轻松”,显然不合常理。 
2) The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was used up. 
( not because … )发动机并不是因为油用完而停车的。 
此句如不作否定转移,而译成“发动机不停下来是因为 
115 
油用完了”,那就贻笑大方了。 
3) He didn’t go to class because he was sick. 他没去上 
课,因为他生病了。 
这句话不需作否定转移,因为它符合逻辑,所以不可译 
成不符逻辑的译文:他去上课并非因为他病了。 
4) The manager didn’t give a speech because he felt 
painful in his throat. 经理没发表讲话,因为他喉咙痛。 
常识告诉我们,该句不需要作否定转移,因此不能译为: 
经理发表了讲话并非因为他喉咙痛。 
有时在not …because 结构中,会为究竟是否发生否定 
转移而困饶,因此有可能产生歧义,这时否定对象应根据语 
境来判断。例如: 
She didn’t call you because she loved you.这个句子可能 
出现两种理解: 
A. 她给你打电话并非因为她爱你。(发生了否定转移) 
B. 她没给你打电话是因为她爱你。(未发生否定转移) 
到底哪种理解正确,我们无法从逻辑意义上进行辨别, 
这时我们只有借助语境即上下文来分析了。 
4. 结束语 
英语中否定句式千变万化,相应的具有否定转移功能的 
词汇有很多,笔者只就其中的一些功能词做了大致分类讲 
述,我们在翻译实践中,一定要对否定句及否定转移功能词 
加以认真的分析和研究,根据具体的语境,结合合理的逻辑, 
运用一定的常识,做好否定句的翻译。

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