连系动词(link.v)，不及物动词(vi)和及物动词(vt)的区别

     编辑：茆玉前      

一、系动词(link-v)。 句子结构：①主语+系动词+表语（S+V.+P）

连系动词不能独立做谓语，必须跟表语一起构成谓语。系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等。系动词无被动形式。

(1) 表示特征或状态： be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel, turn out, prove等。

   1) It sounds a good idea.       

   2) This food tastes good.       

3) The door remained closed.  

(2) 表示持续： keep, remain, stay, lie, stand等。

1) I hope you will keep fit.     

2) We can remain friends.      

3) Please stay seated.

(3) 表示变化： become, go, get, grow, turn, fall, come, run等。

1) He went mad.             

2) His hair turned grey.        

3) I fell ill.

二、不及物动词。不及物动词后面通常不跟宾语，且无被动形式。句子结构：②主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）。

1) Birds can fly.                 

2) I can jump high.             

其他不及物动词：agree, arrive, arise, belong, come, die, dive, exist, fall, flow, go, happen, hurry, rise, listen, look, rise, run, sit, sail, succeed walk, work, stay等.

不及物动词若要跟宾语，必须在其后加介词方可再接宾语(Vi+prep.+O).

1) Look at me !                 

2) Sit on the stool!

三、及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语，且可以用于被动语态。句子结构如下：

1. ③主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)

He reached Paris the day before yesterday.

还有forget, receive, see, say, supply, select, show, take, raise, visit, spend等

2. ④主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)(S+Vt+sb+sth)

1) Please show me the letter.                 

2) Please hand me the book over there.   

3) Can you buy me a meal?                     

4) John has sent Betty a cheque of $1000.

5) I will give you the latest newsletter.      

6) She made me a beautiful dress.       

若要先说出直接宾语(事物)，后说间接宾语(人)，则要借助于介词to或for, 如：

1) He brings cookies to me every day.        

2) She made a beautiful dress for me.

常跟双宾语的动词:

(需借助to的) ask, bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write等。

(需借助for 的) buy, call, cook, choose, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。

3. ⑤主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾补(S+Vt+O+O.C)

宾补的定义：有些及物动词带了宾语后还需要有一个补足成分才能使句子完整，这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语，用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。

主要有下面几种类型：

1. Vt+宾语+名词             She found him a very clever boy.

   2. Vt+宾语+形容词           He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.

   3. Vt+宾语+副词或介词短语   To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.

4. Vt+宾语+to do            They asked me to go fishing.

类似动词：tell, beg, force, wish, want, expect, advise, permit, order, persuade等

5. 及物动词+宾语+doing/do/done

     I saw you taking the key out of your pocket when I came in.

     I saw you take the key out of your pocket.= I saw the key taken out of your pocket.

类似动词：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, have等

四、既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。

1) Our game begins.                 

2) Let us begin our game.

3) “I’m sorry,” he answered.           

4) He didn’t answer my question.

类似动词：start, sing, close, consider, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, increase…

五、既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。

1) He lifted his glass and drank. (vt举起)   

2) We saw the mountain when the clouds lifted(vi消散).

类似动词：beat (vi.跳动 vt.打) 　grow (vi.生长 vt.种植)   hang (vi.悬挂 vt.绞死)　 smell (vi.闻起来 vt.嗅)

巩固练习(找错误)

1）When did Susan marry to Paul?                  2）She is laughing the crippled man.

3）Who will answer to this question?              4）He arrived London yesterday.

5）The children are listening the music.          6）Children must obey to their parents.

7）The tiger attacked on the boy.                 8）He hopes to serve for his nation.

9）His idea is sounded reasonable.                10）Nothing is remained to do.

说明：上述①②③④⑤为五种基本句型。