五种基本句式
英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种,其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式如下:
1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词)
2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
3. 主语+系动词+表语
4. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
5.
主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语
一、复杂主语
包括下列情形:含有连词如and,both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor...,
not only...but (also), as wellas;非谓语动词做主语;主语从句充当主语;同位语结构做主语等。如:
Those who werehighest in status in high
school, as well as those least
liked inelementary school, are “most likely
toengage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(2019高考全国卷阅读理解D)
(as well as 连接those who...与those least liked
...做主语)
The
gunners liketo describe what they do as character-building, but we
know that to
wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(痛苦) of dying can make
nobody happy. (动词不定式to do结构做主语)
Connecting to the
community(社区)as youfreely give your time, money,
skills, or services provides a real joy.
( (-ing形式做主语)
Dismissing small talk as
unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that
deeprelationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual
conversation. (-ing形式做主语)
What you need is a
great teacher who lets you make mistakes.
(主语从句充当主语)
Shackleton,a onetimeBritish merchant-navy
officer who hadgot
to within 100 miles of the South Pole in
1908, started a
business... (同位语结构做主语)
二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔
Mr.
Robbins, together with his wife
andchildren, is leavingLondon for Paris.
Somepeople think that the great
Chinesescholar Confucius, who livedfrom
roughly 551 to 479
B.C., influenced thedevelopment
of chopsticks.
Frank
Hurley, aconfident and gifted Australian
photographer who knew the Antarctic,was
hired to makethe images, most of which have never
before been published.
According
to the report's key findings, “theproportion(比例)who saythey ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read
for fun has gone from 8
percent of 13-year-olds and 9percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22
percent and 27 percent respectivelytoday.”(2018全国卷阅读C)
Thewomansitting at the
desk, seeing my
madness, sympathetically jumped
up.
三、复杂表语
包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
One
(reason) was that I was amazed at the fact that a
sickperson could feel much better after seeing a
doctor. ((表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句)
Thegeneral
rule is that
mild zones have relatively fewlanguages, often spoken by many
people, while hot, wet zones have lots, oftenspoken by small
numbers.(表语从句中还含有while并列句)
四、复杂宾语
包括非谓语动词、(并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后)等。
Dr.
Prinstein has alsofound that the
qualities that made the neighbors want you on a
playdate--sharing, kindness, openness--carry over to later years and make you
better able torelate and connect with
others. (宾语从句中含有定语从句)
Back in
1983,two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,
reported that young maple
trees gettingbitten by
insects send out aparticular
smell that neighboring plantscan
get.(宾语从句中含有-ing形式和定语从句)
Inorder to
pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper
on how we
plan to apply what we would learn in
class toour future
professions and ,eventually, to our
lives. (是介词on所带的宾语从句,是动词apply所带的宾语从句)
Axani
wrote inhis post that he is
not looking for anything in return and
that the
woman who usesthe extra
ticket can choose to either travelwith him or take
the ticket and travel on her
own. (wrote带有2个由that引导的宾语从句,第个宾语从句含有who引导的定语从句)
五、复杂定语
包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。
It’s an
amazingaccomplishment and one we cannot achieve withoutgenerous support
from individuals, corporations, and other
socialorganizations. ((省略了that/which的定语从句)
To
people who are
used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Deliciousand
Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite
an eye opener to seethe range of classical apples still in
existence, such as Decio which was grownby the
Romans. (who引导定语从句)
But
myconnection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the
mid-1980s,when I was the first
Western TV reporter permitted to film a special
unit caring for pandasrescued from starvationin the
wild. (when引导的定语从句中含有-ed形式和-ing形式做定语)
Thursday
sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will
visitDisneyland Paris park,staying until late to seethe parade
and the fireworks.(where引导定语从句)
Readers
alsotended to share articles that were exciting or
funny, or that inspired negative feelings like
anger or anxiety,but not articles that left them merely
sad. (含有三个that引导的定语从句)
Also, it
is notuncommon any more to find carpenters (木匠)with college
degrees and
carpenters with a solid knowledge of
mathematics, which would enablethem to deal with more
difficult house
designs. (含有两个with介词短语做定语和which引导的定语从句)
Now, using
teethand bone pieces taken from the baby’s
grave,scientists have compared the DNA from the Unknown Child
with those collected from members of five
families who lost relatives on
the Titanic and never recovered
thebodies.(含有两个-ed形式做定语和who引导的定语从句)
六、复杂同位语(同位语从句)
Whilethey
are rare north of 88°, there
is evidence that they range all the way across the
Arctic, and as far south asJames Bay in
Canada.
The
friendshipthat grew out of the experience of making that film
and The
Stingfouryears later had its root in the
fact that although there
was an agedifference, we both came from a tradition of theater and
live TV.(that引导同位语从句,同位语从句内部含有although引导的状语从句)
We
shared thebelief thatif you’re fortunate
enough to have success, youshould put something
back --- hewith
his Newman’s
Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for
kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the
institute and
thefestival.(that引导同位语从句,同位语从句内部含有if引导的状语从句)
七、复杂状语
包括介词短语、非谓语动词、(多个)状语从句等。
With the college entrance
examination around the
corner, allthe students are occupied with
their revision.(with介词短语做状语)
Bytranslating the rich and humourous text
of Love’s Labour’s Lost into thephysical language of
BSL(英式手语), DeafinitelyTheatre creates
a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims tobuild a
bridge between deaf and hearing worlds byperforming to both
groups as one audience. (两个by介词短语做状语)
When combined with berries or slices of
other fruits,frozen bananas make an excellent base forthick,
cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. (-ed形式做状语)
The
IntelligentTransport team at Newcastle University have turned an
electric car into amobile laboratory named
“DriveLAB” in
order tounderstand the challenges faced by older drivers and to
discover where the keystress points
are. (动词不定式to do做状语)
Delighted as I was by the
tomatoes in sight, myhappiness deepened
when I learned that Brown’s
Grove Farm is one of the suppliers forJack Dusty, a newly opened
restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz
Carlton, where —— luckily for me —— I was
planning tohave dinner that very night.(as和when引导状语从句)
It
wascalculated that when its population reached itshighest
point, there were more than 3 billion
passenger pigeons – anumber equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total
bird population in the UnitedStates, making it perhaps the most abundantbirds
in the world.(when引导状语从句中,含有-ing形式做状语)
Giventhat many people's moods
(情绪)are regulated by the chemical action of
chocolate,it was probably only a matter of
time before
somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese
medicine. (-ed形式做状语, before引导状语从句)
In a
second study presented at the
meeting, scientistsfrom the UK and Denmark showed
that even a few days of high temperatures canseverely reduce
production of crops, such as wheat, soya beans, rice and
groundnuts(花生), if it
occurs when theplants are
flowering.
(if 和when引导状语从句)
According
to the study, if thecat is adopted before the
dog, and ifthey are introduced
when still young (less than 6 months for
cats, ayear for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will
get along swimmingly.(两个if 引导并列状语从句)
八、多个从句且从句套从句
Helikes that he can sit and check his phone in
peace or chat up thebarkeeper with whom he's on a first-name
basisif he wants to have a little
interaction(交流).(是宾语从句,是定语从句,是状语从句)
Forthis
courier job, you’re consciously aware thatin that box you’ve got
something that ispotentially going to save somebody’s
life. (是宾语从句,是定语从句)
Therefore, whena person from one of these cultures
is speaking and suddenly stops,whatmay be
implied (暗示) isthat the person wants the listener to
considerwhat has been said before
continuing. (是状语从句,是主语从句,是表语从句,是宾语从句)
If someone knocks and it’s not
an important matter, excuse yourselfand let
the person know you’re busysothey can get the hint
(暗示)that when the door is closed, you’re not to be
disturbed. (是状语从句,是宾语从句,是同位语从句,是状语语从句)
But you
can’t besuccessfulwhen there’s
a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an
actionwherethe wrongdoer
takes no responsibility to fix the
mistake. (是状语从句,是定语从句,是定语从句)
Cursing
mymisfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the
night when I realizedthat the
villagerswhohad gathered
around me were arguing as towho should have the honor of receiving me
as a guest in
theirhouse. (是宾语从句,是定语从句,是宾语从句)
Studies
showthat social science majors
are most suited for change,which is the leading feature of the kind
of high speed, highpressure, high-tech
world we
now live in. (是宾语从句,是定语从句,是定语从句)
It is
important because it
shows that regular physical exercise enables us
to make better useof the oxygen we breathe inandthat this training, in fact, reduces the
amount of work our hearts do.
(是状语从句,是宾语从句,是定语从句,是并列宾语从句,是定语从句)
九、复杂并列句(包含从句)
The
likables’ plays-well-with-othersqualities strengthen schoolyard
friendships, jump-start interpersonal
skills and, when tapped early, are
employedever after in life and work.
Wewent
10-1 and I was named most valuable player, but I
often had crazy dreams in which Iwas to blame for Miller’s
accident.
Dark
environments are more likely to
encourageovereating, for people are
often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit
places —— and so more likely to eat lots of
food..
When the weatheris fair and
settled, they are clothed in blue and
purple,and print their beautiful shapes on the clear evening
sky, but sometimes when
itis cloudless, gray steam gathers around the
top of the mountains which, in the last rays
of the setting sun, will shine andlight up like a crown of
glory.
十、多个非谓语动词
Then the
person leaves it in a public
place, hopingthat the book willhave
an adventure, traveling far
and wide with each new reader who finds
it.
He
reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost andlonely in a
strange city, thinking ofthe
terrible troubles of getting allthe
paperworkorganized again
from a distant country while trying to settle downin a
new one.
十一、倒装句
1. Not
only is likability
related to positivelife outcomes, but it is also
responsiblefor those outcomes, too.(not only开头的倒装句)
2. We found that the least well-liked teens had
become moreaggressive over time toward their classmates.
But so had
those who were high in
status. ( (so开头的倒装句)
3. Only at
dinnertime are
we eating together anymore,74
percent,according to statistics fromthe report.
(only开头的倒装句)
4. Of course,not only are today's top
Western designersbeing influenced by China-some of the best
designers of contemporary fashionare themselves Chinese." (not
only开头的倒装句)
5. "The most famous designers are
Chinese, so
are the models,
and soare the
consumers," she says. (so开头的倒装句)
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