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《2013考研英语(二)段落翻译与写作突破》精彩内容连载

(2012-07-24 16:42:31)
标签:

教育

考研

英语

翻译

写作

                                 2013考研英语(二)段落翻译与写作突破

主编:陈正康、杨凤芝

出版社:北京理工大学出版社

定价:28.80

页数:248

ISBN(书号):978-7-5640-6177-7

                             

                                       http://s3/small/8af39df7tc53fa389ccd2&690

                                     第四节  英译汉三步定位翻译法

 

    英汉思维的差异决定了英语多长句,汉语多短句。英译汉考试的英语句子结构往往比较复杂,如果不搞清楚它的语法结构,很难达到正确理解原文的要求。在分析句子结构时,首先把句子的主谓宾找出来,这样句子的主干结构也就清楚了。进而对句子的其他部分进行划分,逐个进行翻译。最后,再按照英汉思维的差异对所考词义和语序进行推敲调整,选择适当的词汇和语言将其表达出来。这就是笔者多年总结的三步定位翻译法。

 

一、 结构分析找主干

    英语重结构,但是无论多么复杂的结构,将其枝叶(从句等)剥离后,其主干结构还是如下五种情况。

1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词)  [S + V]

It rains.

天下雨了。

2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 [S+V+O]

The Greens enjoy living in China.

格林一家喜欢住在中国。

3. 主语+系动词+表语[S+V+P]

该句型中谓语动词为系动词,常见的系动词有:be(是),get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。

① He became a famous doctor.

他成为了一名著名的医生。

② The apple pie tastes really delicious.

苹果派真是好吃。

4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语[S+V+InO+DO]

这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语,即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语,也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,但要加介词for或to。

① My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me.

我阿姨买给我一台电脑。

② I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him.

我把盐递给他。

5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语[S+V+O+OC]

宾语补足语是位于宾语之后,说明宾语的状态、特征的成分,多由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词和分词充当。 

I heard Jean singing this morning.

我听到简早上在唱歌。

句子中的Jean显然是宾语,但是主语I听到的并不是Jean,而是Jean singing。 singing 是句子中的宾语补足语,它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是Jean执行了singing的动作,所以句子中的singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。

I find learning English difficult.

我觉得学英语很困难。

显然本句中difficult是形容词作宾语补足语,对宾语learning English进行进一步的补充说明。

因此,拿到一个长难句之后,第一步就是要分析其结构,找到主干。首先可以找句子中的谓语动词,然后找到主语和宾语。例如:

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

    本句是典型的主系表结构,is是谓语动词,Social science是主语,that branch of intellectual enquiry是表语。 

 

二、 句子切分逐个翻译

 

在找到句子主干的基础上,通过句子切分把句子进行简化。原则如下:

①主干与修饰成分要分开。

②主句与从句要分开。

③并列成分要分开。

④过去分词和现在分词要分开。

⑤用标点符号进行拆分。

还以刚才的句子为例进行切分:

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry主干(主系表) ‖which seeks to study humans and their end定语从句

 

eavors ‖in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner方式状语‖ that natural scientists

 

use for the study of natural phenomena.定语从句

具体来看,Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(社会科学是知识探索的一个分支)是主干,which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(致力于研究人类及其行为)为which引导的定语从句修饰前面的社会科学,in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner(以同样的推理的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式)为方式状语,而在该方式状语后面又跟了一个定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena(自然科学家用来研究自然现象的)来修饰前面的manner。

 

三、 推敲与调整 

 

    根据上下文,对词义进一步推敲,并根据中英文化差异调整句子。以该句子为例,dispassioned表示“冷静的”;endeavor表示“行为”,里面涉及定语从句和状语的翻译,第一个定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors比较长,且定语从句后还嵌套了状语,因此可以采用后置法翻译,而方式状语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner及其后面的定语从句 that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena可以采用前置法翻译。这样,这个句子就翻译为:

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用推理的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

这样翻译不仅准确,并且完整通畅。

 

                                      第五节   英译汉真题超精解

 

一、 2012年考研英语(二)英译汉真题

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

  When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

Lots of studies have found that welleducated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a highschool education, compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of

 

25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of muchneeded skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

【考场练兵】

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

【必考词详解】

注意:加粗并加下划线的词义为文章中所考释义。

worry   vi.担心,发愁(与about连用)

migration   n.迁移,迁徙

concern   vt.关于;涉及,关系到,影响到;关心,担心,使不安

prospect    n.指望,预期;可能性,前景,前途;景象,景色

departure    n.离开,出发 

attract   vt.吸,吸引;引起(注意,兴趣等) 

immigration    n.移居,移民

rule    n.规则,规定,章程,条例vt.支配,统治

privilege    vt.给予……特权或优待n.特权,优特

particularly    ad.特别,尤其 

emigrant   n.移民,移出a.移居(他国)的,移民的

survey    n.调查 

household    n.家庭,户,一家人 

compare    vt.比较,对照;比喻为,比作 

drain    n.不断外流,消耗vt. 排出,流出 

fear   vt./n. 害怕,恐惧;担心,忧虑 

policymaker    n.决策者 

bother   vt.烦扰,打搅;使恼怒;困惑,使不安 

deprive    vt.剥夺,从……夺走,使丧失;免去……的职务

短语词组:

come up with  赶上;想出,提供(主意)

 

【真题超精解】

①When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.

 [结构分析]这句话的主句是they are usually concerned at the prospect of…(他们往往关心……前景)。看到“of”我们要立即想到“A of B”翻译为“B的A”,其中A指的就是“prospect”, B指的是 “their best and brightest(最优秀的,最有前途的人才) ”。 departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world(到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学)作为定语修饰prospect。When people in developing countries worry about migration (当发展中国家的人们为移民问题担心时)为When引导的是时间状语从句。

[词义推敲]这句话难点在于把“their best and brightest”翻译为 “最优秀、最有前途的人才”。 Silicon Valley译为“硅谷”。

[参考译文]当发展中国家的人们为移民问题担心时,他们往往关心的是最优秀、最有前途的人才流入了硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学。

②These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

 [结构分析]此句关键在于对两个that引导的从句的理解。第一个that从句that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules(像英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国通过移民政策去吸引)作定语修饰workers,第二个that 从句that privilege college graduates(优待大学毕业生的)作定语修饰rules。

[词义推敲]privilege在句中作动词,翻译成中文“优惠,优待”,更符合中文表达习惯。

[参考译文]英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策,就是为了吸引这部分人群。

③Lots of studies have found that welleducated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.

 [结构分析]本句为含有that引导的宾语从句,主语为Lots of studies(许多研究),谓语动词为found(发现,表明),that引导的宾语从句that welleducated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate意为“来自发展中国家的受过良好教育的人才尤其可能移民”。

[词义推敲]are particularly likely to译为“尤其可能……”。

[参考译文]诸多研究表明,来自发展中国家的受过良好教育的人才尤其可能移民。

④They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of muchneeded skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

 [结构分析]本句的主语是they,fear(担心,害怕)为谓语动词,that后面为宾语从句,该宾语从句的主干是it hurts their economies(这伤害了他们国家的经济),depriving them of muchneeded skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make(夺去他们紧缺的技术人才,而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教,在他们自己的医院工作,为他们自己的工厂研发更智能的新产品)为现在分词作伴随状语,其中又包含who引导的定语从句。

[词义推敲]deprive意为“剥夺,夺走”;clever在这里翻译为“聪明的”与new product(新产品)无法搭配, clever除了“聪明的”还有“精巧”之意,再结合这里说的是技术工人的重要性,我们可以翻译为“智能的”。

[参考译文]他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展,夺去他们紧缺的技术人才,而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教,在他们自己的医院工作,为他们自己的工厂研发更智能的新产品。

【全文译文】 

    当发展中国家的人们为移民问题担心时,他们往往关心的是最优秀、最有前途的人才流入了硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学。英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策,就是为了吸引这部分人群。

诸多研究表明,来自发展中国家的受过良好教育的人才尤其可能移民。2004年,曾针对印度家庭进行过一次大型调查,结果发现,近40%的移民受过高等教育,而所有25岁以上的印度人中只有约3.3%受过高等教育。“人才外流”问题长期以来一直让发展中国家的决策者很苦恼,他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展,夺去他们紧缺的技术人才,而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教,在他们自己的医院工作,为他们自己的工厂研发更智能的新产品。

  

二、 2011年考研英语(二)英译汉真题

Directions: In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)

    Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do—rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?

    Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well airconditioned, which uses even more energy.

    However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.

【考场练兵】

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

【必考词详解】

globally    ad.从全世界范围来看 

industry    n.工业,企业,行业 

volume    n.卷,册;体积,容积;(生产,交易等的)量,额 

greenhouse    n.温室,暖房 

airline    n.航线;航空公司 

rough    a.粗糙的;粗略的,大概的

emission    n.放射,散发

task   n.任务,工作,作业 

surprising   a.令人惊异的,惊人的,出人意料的

toll    n.(路,桥等的)通行费;伤亡人数,损失 

leak   v./n.泄漏 

attempt   vt.试图,企图n.尝试 

deliver  vt. 投递,传送,运送;发表,讲,宣布

maintain   vt.维持,维护;维修,保养;坚持,主张,断言 

vast   a.广阔的,浩瀚的;巨大的,庞大的;大量的,巨额的 

data   n.资料,数据(datum的复数) 

pack  n.包,捆;一堆,大量vt.装(箱),给某人将某物装入行李箱,装备 

powerful   a.强有力的,强大的 

emit   vt.散发,放射,发出 

quantity    n.量,数量 

aircondition    vt.给……装上空气调节设备;用空气调节设备调节空气 

monitor    vt.监控;监听;监测;监视n.班长,队长;监听器,监视器 

efficiency   n.效率,效能,功效

closely   ad.接近地;紧密地;亲近地,亲密地 

improvement   n.改进,改善,增进 

reduction   n.减少,削减;缩小;下降,降低

短语词组: 

depend on依靠,依赖,信赖

a great deal大量的

 

【真题超精解】

①A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer.

 [结构分析]句子主干是A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7. 0 grams of CO2(每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放出0.2至7.0克的二氧化碳)。后面的depending on how many attempts  are needed to get the “right” answer (取决于使用者需要尝试多少次才能得到“正确”答案)是句子的伴随状语,其逻辑主语与主句主语一致。how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer是介词on的宾语从句。

[词义推敲]depend on 的意思是“取决于,依赖于”;attempt在此作名词,意思是“尝试,努力”。

[参考译文]每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放出0.2至7.0克的二氧化碳,释放量的多少取决于使用者需要尝试多少次才能得到“正确”答案。

② To  deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has  to  maintain vast  data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers.

 [结构分析]本句的主干是Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world(谷歌不得不在全世界范围内维护大型数据中心)。To deliver  results  to its users quickly(为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户) 是句子的目的状语。packed  with powerful computers(配备大功率计算机) 是修饰 vast data centres 的后置定语,相当于定语从句which is packed  with powerful computers。

[词义推敲]pack with 的意思是“配备”;powerful“强大的,强有力的”和computers连用,意译为“大功率的”。

[参考译文]为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户,谷歌不得不在全世界范围内维护大型数据中心,并配备大功率计算机。

③While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit  a great deal  of  heat, so the centres need to be well airconditioned, which uses even more energy.

 [结构分析]本句的主干是these  computers  emit a great deal of heat(这些计算机还释放许多热量),so the centres need to be well airconditioned(因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境), While  producing  large quantities  of  CO2 (当排放大量二氧化碳时)是 while 引导的时间状语从句,which uses even more energy(这使用了更多的能量) 是句子的非限制性定语从句,修饰说明整个主句内容。

[词义推敲]large quantities of 的意思是“大量的”;a  great deal  of 的意思同样是“大量的”,但 of 后接不可数名词;well airconditioned 的意思是“良好的空调环境”。

[参考译文]当排放大量二氧化碳时,这些计算机还释放许多热量,因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境,而这又会消耗更多的能量。

④Monitoring is the first  step  on  the  road  to  reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.

 [结构分析]该句是一个 but连接的转折句,but前面是一个简单句Monitoring is the first step  on  the  road  to  reduction(监控只是减排的第一步),but后面是一个and连接的并列句,there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies(需要做的还有很多,而且这不单单是大公司的事情)。

[词义推敲]the first step 的意思是“第一步”;reduction 在此的意思并不是“减少,降低”,而是应该意译为“减排”。

[参考译文]监控只是减排的第一步,但是,需要做的还有很多,而且这不单单是大公司的事情。 

【全文译文】 

    从全球范围来看,谁能想到信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量会与航空业不相上下,约占全球二氧化碳排放量的2%?

    信息技术行业的许多日常工作对环境造成了意想不到的危害。每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放出 0.2至7.0克的二氧化碳,释放量的多少取决于使用者需要尝试多少次才能得到“正确”答案。为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户,谷歌不得不在全世界范围内维护大型数据中心,并配备大功率计算机。当排放大量二氧化碳时,这些计算机还释放许多热量,因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境,而这又会消耗更多的能量。

    不过,谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在密切监控其数据中心的工作效率并做出改进。监控只是减排的第一步,但是,需要做的还有很多,而且这不单单是大公司的事情。

 

三、  2010年考研英语(二)英译汉真题

Directions: In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)

 “Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainabilityoriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.

  Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He´d been through the dotcom boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.

It didn´t go well. “It was a really hard move because thats not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you´ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”

 

【考场练兵】

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

  

【必考词详解】

sustainability    n.持续性 

popular    a.流行的,受欢迎的

concept   n.概念,观念

personal   a.个人的,私人的 

endure   vt.忍耐,忍受,容忍 

painful  a.痛苦的 

orient   n.(o大写)亚洲,东方vt.定……的方位;以……为方向或目的 

recall   vt.回想,回忆;叫回,收回 

confusing   a.令人困惑的,使人迷惑的

insurance    n.保险

boom   n.繁荣,暴涨 

burst  n.爆炸,破裂 

desperate   a.危急的,绝望的;极度渴望的 

sign    n.记号,符号;标志vt.签字,签约 

agency   n.公司,代理机构;专业行政机构,局,署,处 

passion    n.热情,激情 

dilemma   n.困境,进退两难

translate    vt.翻译,转译;使转化,使转变 

predictably   ad.可预见地;果不出所料地 

lack   n./vt.缺少,缺乏 

miserable    a.痛苦的,不幸的 

anxiety   n.焦虑

stare    vi.盯,凝视

【真题超精解】

①“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning.

[结构分析]本句是but连接的转折句,but之前是一个简单句,“Sustainability” has become a popular word(“承受力”变成了一个流行词),these days(如今)作时间状语,but之后也是一个简单句,the concept will always have personal meaning(这个概念总是具有个人的含义,也可以意译为“每一个人对这一概念都有自身的理解或体会”),to Ted Ning表示“对Ted Ning来说 ”。

[词义推敲]sustainability是sustainable(支撑得住的,能承受的,能维持的)的名词形式,可以翻译成“持续性,能维持性”,进一步结合文章语境,可以意译为“忍受力,承受力”。

[参考译文]最近,“承受力”成了一个流行词,但对 Ted Ning 来说,他对其含义有自己的亲身体会。

②Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainabilityoriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.

[结构分析]本句的主语是Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life(在他经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后),made是谓语动词,it 是 made 的形式宾语,真正的宾语是sustainabilityoriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice(以承受力为导向的价值观必须通过每日的行为和抉择表达出来)。

[词义推敲]oriented 表示“以……为导向的”;sustainabilityoriented 表示“以承受力为导向的”;unsustainability表示“无法忍受,不可持续”。

[参考译文]在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后,他清楚地认识到,以承受力为导向的价值观必须通过每日的行为和抉择表达出来。

③Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance.

 [结构分析] Ning是主语,recalls是谓语动词,spending a confusing year是宾语,in the late 1990s是时间状语,selling insurance 是修饰a confusing year的后置定语,可以将其译为所修饰词的前置定语。

[词义推敲]recall doing 的意思是“回想做某事”;confusing的意思是“令人困惑的,使人迷惑的”。

[参考译文]Ning回忆起20世纪90年代后期做销售保险那令他困惑的一年。

④He´d been through the dotcom boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.

 [结构分析]本句为and连接的两个并列句,第一个句子是He´d been through the dotcom boom and burst(他经历了网络经济的兴衰)。and后面的句子为系表结构He´d been desperate for a job(他急需找到一份工作),省略He´d been;signed on with a Boulder agency(与Boulder公司签了合同)是过去分词短语作结果状语。

[词义推敲]be through 的意思是“经过,度过”,可以意译为“经历”;dotcom指的是“网络公司”;be desperate for的意思是“非常渴望”;sign on指的是“签订雇佣合同”。

[参考译文]在经历了网络经济的兴衰后,他急需找到一份工作,因此就与Boulder公司签了约。

⑤ “It was a really hard move because thats not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales.

 [结构分析]本句中It was a really hard move because thats not my passion(这真是糟糕的一步,因为这不是我的热情所在)是says的宾语从句,也就是says的内容,而because thats not my passion是宾语从句中的原因状语从句。whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales(不出所料,他在工作方面的困境导致了他的销售业绩不佳)是句子的非限制性定语从句。副词predictably(可预见地,果不出所料地)插在了translated 和into之间,将该词组隔开,构成了插入语,从而增加了考生理解上的难度。

[词义推敲]move作动词时有“移动,感动”的意思,在此句中作名词,意思是“步骤,一步”,可以将 a hard move翻译为“糟糕的一步”;translate into 的意思是“转化成,翻译成”;a lack of 的意思是“缺少,缺乏”;dilemma的意思是“进退两难,困难的选择”。

[参考译文]“这的确是糟糕的一步,因为这不是我的热情所在,”Ning 说。不出所料,工作上的进退两难造成他的销售业绩不佳。

⑥“I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said,‘Just wait,youll turn the corner, give it some time.’”

 [结构分析]此段由几个句子组成。I was miserable(我很痛苦)是系表结构的简单句。第二句话中有一个so…that结构,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling (我是如此的焦虑以至于经常半夜惊醒,盯着天花板)。I had no money and needed the job(我身无分文,需要这份工作)也是一个简单句。最后一句“Just wait, you´ll turn the corner,give it some time”作said的宾语,也是said的内容。

[词义推敲]so…that的意思是“如此……以至于”;wake up的意思是“醒来,起床”;in the middle of the night 的意思是“半夜”;stare at的意思是“凝视,盯着”;turn the corner不仅有“拐弯”之意,还有“转危为安”的意思,在此作“转危为安”讲;give it some time的字面意思是“给它些时间”,可以将其意译为“过段时间”。

[参考译文]“我很痛苦,非常焦虑,常常在半夜惊醒,望着天花板发愣。我身无分文,需要这份工作。大家都说,‘等等看,过一段时间情况就会好转的。’” 

【全文译文】 

    最近,“承受力”成了一个流行词,但对Ted Ning来说,他对其含义有自己的亲身体会。在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后,他清楚地认识到,以承受力为导向的价值观必须通过每日的行为和抉择表达出来。

    Ning回忆起20世纪90年代后期做销售保险那令他困惑的一年。在经历了网络经济的兴衰后,他急需找到一份工作,因此就与Boulder公司签了约。

    但情况进展并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步,因为这不是我的热情所在,”Ning说。不出所料,工作上的进退两难造成他的销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦,非常焦虑,常常在半夜惊醒,望着天花板发愣。我身无分文,需要这份工作。大家都说,‘等等看,过一段时间情况就会好转的。’”

【注意】真正的英语(二)考试是从2010年开始的,但是专业硕士如MBA入学英语考试则已经进行了很多年,2010年之后MBA等考试也开始使用英语(二)的试卷,但是2009、2008、2007年的MBA英译汉试题与2010年之后的考法基本相同,但是难度稍高,分值稍大(20分)。鉴于真题的重要性及英语(二)真题数量太少,本部分也把2009、2008、2007三年的MBA入学英语考试的英译汉试题进行了超精解,供同学们复习使用。 

 

四、 2009年MBA英译汉真题  

Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points).

    With the nations financial system teetering (蹒跚)on a cliff, the compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.

    Bankers excessive risktaking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has contributed to others in the past. In this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debtfueled bubble in the economy.

    Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back, dividing the loans and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, which took advantage of the same hightech securitization(证券化) to load on more risky mortgagebased assets.

Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes of averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to shortterm profits and revenues, and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible level of risk.

 

【考场练兵】

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        【必考词详解】 

financial    a.金融的,财政的,财务的 

compensation    n.补偿,报酬,赔偿金;薪水,报酬 

arrangement    n.布置,安排,整理,准备;协议,协定 

executive   n.经理,高管,执行者 

excessive   a.过多的,极度的,过分的 

cause    n.原因,事业,目标 

crisis   n.危机,危险期,决定性时刻 

false   a.错误的,虚伪的,伪造的 

security    n.安全,保证;证券,债券 

enormous   a.庞大的,巨大的 

institution    n.制度,建立,机构 

asset  n. 资产,优点,有利条件 

regulation   n.管理,规则,规章制度,管制,监管

avert   vt.避免,防止,转移 

involve    vt.涉及,卷入 

scheme   n.计划,体系,体制,阴谋 

revenue   n.税收,收入,收益 

fuel   n.燃料 vt.激起,刺激

短语词组: 

contribute to 有助于,导致,造成,捐献 

take advantage of 利用

 

【真题超精解】

①With the nations financial system teetering on a cliff,the compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.

 [结构分析]本句主语是the compensation arrangements(薪酬安排),谓语是are coming,介词under短语表示“在……过程中”;介词for短语for executives of the big banks and other financial firms(为一些大银行和其他金融机构高管人员)作后置定语修饰arrangements(协议);With the nations financial system teetering on a cliff(国家金融体系正濒临崩溃)为with+n.+doing构成的独立主格结构,在句中作原因状语。

[词义推敲]financial system表示“金融体系,金融系统”;teeter on a cliff表示“面临危险,濒临崩溃”;compensation arrangement表示“薪酬安排”;close examination表示“严密的审查,严密的调查”。

[语法连线]独立主格结构通常由名词或代词加上其他成分构成,没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子,但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语,分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语,有时还有其他修饰成分,这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用,主要用于书面语。

[参考译文]由于国家金融体系正濒临崩溃,一些大银行和其他金融机构高管人员的薪酬问题就再次受到了严密的审查。

②Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back,dividing the loans and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain,which took advantage of the same hightech securitization to load on more risky mortgagebased assets.

 [结构分析]本句主语是mortgage lenders(抵押贷款人),谓语是lent,enormous sums和those分别作lent的双宾语;who引导的定语从句who could not afford to pay them back(没有能力偿还的)修饰those;后面是由 and连接的两个并列分词短语dividing the loans(拆分贷款)和selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain(沿着这一链条把其出售给下一家金融机构)作lent的伴随状语,最后是 which引导的非限制性定语从句which took advantage of the same hightech securitization to load on more risky mortgagebased assets(利用同样的高技术证券化方式运作更大风险的抵押资产)修饰financial institution,which指代financial institution 作从句的主语。

[词义推敲]mortgage“按揭,抵押贷款”;enormous“巨大的,大量的”;divide“分割,拆分”;loan“贷款”;take advantage of“利用”;asset“资产”。

[参考译文]抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无偿还能力的人。他们拆分贷款并沿着这一链条把其出售给下一家金融机构,该机构利用同样的高技术证券化方式运作更大风险的抵押资产。

③Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road,in hopes of averting the next crisis,which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets.

 [结构分析]本句主语是financial regulation,谓语是 will have to catch up with(不得不采取措施应对),宾语是the most irresponsible practices(这种不负责任的做法),后面that引导的定语从句that led banks down in this road(导致银行在这个事情上破产)修饰practices,that指代practices在从句中作主语;in hopes of averting the next crisis(希望避免下次危机)为介词短语作目的状语;最后是which引导的非限制性定语从句which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets(很可能涉及不同金融技术和资产种类)修饰the next crisis,which指代the next crisis,在从句中作主语。

[词义推敲]regulation“管理、监管”;in hopes of表示“抱着……的希望”;avert表示“防止、避免”;catch up with表示“跟上,赶上”; involve表示“涉及,卷入”。

[参考译文]金融监管将不得不采取措施应对造成银行以这种方式破产的极不负责任的做法,为了防止下一次很可能涉及不同金融技术和资产种类的危机。

[技巧点拨]Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices,金融监管将不得不跟上(应对)造成银行以这种方式破产的极不负责任的做法。增译法,增加了“应对”二字,更符合汉语表达习惯。 

【全文译文】

    由于国家金融体系正濒临崩溃,一些大银行和其他金融机构高管人员的薪酬问题将再次受到严密的审查。

银行家们过于冒险的行为是导致此次金融危机的一个重要原因,也是历史上其他金融危机产生的原因之一。这次的危机是由低利率激起的,并在债务泡沫经济带来的虚假安全感下继续恶化。

    抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无偿还能力的人,他们拆分贷款并沿着这一链条把其出售给下一家金融机构,该机构利用同样的高技术证券化方式运作更大风险的抵押资产。

    金融监管将不得不采取措施应对造成银行以这种方式破产的极不负责任的做法,为了防止下一次很可能涉及不同金融技术和资产种类的危机。但是,审查薪酬制度这一根本问题是值得的,薪酬制度同短期利润和收益息息相关,从而会让银行家们不计后果地甘冒风险。

五、 2008年MBA英译汉真题  

Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points).

     The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序). Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask whatif questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended—for example, what if customers are more pricesensitive than we thought?—and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.

 

【考场练兵】

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

【必考词详解】

term    n.术语,条款vt.把……叫做 

model   n.模型,模式,模特儿,样式vt.做模型,把……模式化 

widespread    a.普遍的,广泛的,分布广的

forecast    n.预测,预报

sensitivity   n.敏感,敏感性,过敏 

analytic    a.分析的,解析的,善于分析的 

approach   n.方法,途径,接近 

component   n.成分,组件 

critical    a.批判的,关键性的 

assumption    n.假设,承担 

aspect    n.方面,方向 

elaborate    a.精心制作的,详尽的 

insight    n.洞察力,洞悉 

launch    vt.发起,开展,发射

短语词组:

at best 充其量,最多

 

【真题超精解】

①The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart,its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested.

[结构分析]本句的主干是The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach(空白表格程序引入了更全面的分析方法),介词短语to planning作后置定语修饰approach;because引导的是原因状语从句,该从句的主干是every major line item could be pulled apart(每个主要列项可以拆开),its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested不是一个完整的句子而是一个独立主格结构作伴随状语,相当于并列分句and its components and subcomponents could be analyzed and tested。

[词义推敲]usher in表示“引入”;analytic approach表示“分析方法”;line item表示“排列项,项目”;pull apart表示“撕开,拆开”;component“成分”,前缀sub表示“在……之下”,subcomponent表示“亚成分”。

[参考译文]而空白表格程序为计划引入了更全面的分析方法,因为表格的每个主要列项可以拆开,因而可以分析和测试其成分和亚成分。

②You could ask whatif questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended—for example,what if customers are more pricesensitive than we thought?—and with a few keystrokes,you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole.

[结构分析]本句是由and连接的两个并列分句构成,第一个分句的主干是You could ask whatif questions(你可以问一些假设分析的问题),介词短语about the critical assumptions(关于关键假设)作后置定语修饰questions,assumptions后面跟了一个which引导的定语从句on which your business depended(你的商业所依赖的)对其进行修饰,两个破折号中的内容是第一个分句的补充说明,是插入语。第二个分句的主干是You could see how any change would play out(你会看到任何变化是如何出现的),谓语动词see后面跟了一个how引导的宾语从句,其中介词短语on every aspect of the whole(在整体的每一个方面)作状语修饰play out,前面的介词短语with a few keystrokes(用几次键击)作方式状语修饰see。

[词义推敲]whatif是计算机中的专业术语表示“假设分析”;assumption“假定,假设”;pricesensitive表示“对价格敏感的”;keystroke表示“键击,按键”;play out“发生,出现”。

[参考译文]你可以问一些关于商业所依赖的关键假设的假设分析,比如,顾客对价格的敏感度要是超过了我们的想象怎么办?——并且你只需敲几下键盘就可以看到整体中各个组成部分所起的任何变化。

③By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics,spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.

[结构分析]本句的主干是Spreadsheet made it possible to model business(空白表格程序使商业模式成为可能,意译为“空白表格程序能够制定出商业模式”),主语是spreadsheet,谓语动词是made,it是形式宾语,不定式to model business是真正的宾语,before they were launched(直译为“在它们被发起以前”,意译为“在商业模式被制定出来以前”)是一个时间状语从句修饰to model business。句首是by引导的介词短语作方式状语,By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics(通过使企业把对市场的洞察和随之而来的经济活动更紧密地联系起来)。

[词义推敲]enable…to do sth.表示“使……能够做某事”;insight表示“洞察,洞察力”;tie…to表示“把……拴在……上,把……和……联系起来”; resulting表示“随之发生的,作为结果产生的”;economics表示“经济学,经济活动”。

[参考译文]空白表格程序能使企业把对市场的洞察和随之而来的经济活动更紧密地联系起来,因而能够事先制定出商业模式。

【全文译文】

    “商业模式”这一术语最先是随着计算机和空白表格程序的出现而得到广泛使用的。在空白表格程序出现之前,商业计划往往意味着就某种情况提出一种单一的预测。充其量,你只能对项目做出一些敏感性分析。而空白表格程序为计划引入了更全面的分析方法,因为表格的每个主要列项可以拆开,因而可以分析和测试其成分和亚成分。你可以问一些关于商业所依赖的关键假设的假设分析,比如,顾客对价格的敏感度要是超过了我们的想象,我们该怎么办?你只需敲几下键盘就可以看到整体中各个组成部分所起的任何变化。换言之,你可以制定商业行为的模式。计算机改变了商业计划的本质,在此之前,绝大多数成功商业模式的形成是出于偶然,而非事先精心设计。空白表格程序能使企业把对市场的洞察和随之而来的经济活动更紧密地联系起来,因而能够事先制定出商业模式。

 

六、 2007年MBA英译汉真题

Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points).

   Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life. Creativity has come to be valued, because new technologies, new industries and new wealth flow from it. And as a result, our lives and society have begun to echo with creative ideas. It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the underlying spirit of our age.

   Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today, and in many senses always has been. The big advances in standard of living—not to mention the big competitive advantages in the marketplace—always have come from “better recipes, not just more cooking”. One might argue that´s not strictly true. One might point out, for instance, that during the long period from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to modem times, much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine, but from the widespread application of “cooking in quantity” business methods like massive division of labor, concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale.  But those methods themselves were creative developments.

 

【考场练兵】

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

【必考词详解】

注意:加粗并加下划线的词义为文章中所考释义 

ongoing     a.不间断的,正在进行的,正在发生的 

creativity   n.创造力,创造性 

define    vt.定义,明确限定

feature    n.特色,特征 vt.特写,以为特色 

echo    vi. 随声附和,发出回声echo with 表示“回荡着……充满着……”vt.反射,重复 

commitment    n.致力于,追求,承担义务,保证,委托 

dimension    n.方面, [数] 维,尺寸,容积 

underlying   a.根本的,基础的,位于……的下面的 

essential   a.必不可少的,至关重要的 

marketplace    n.市场,商场,市集

recipe   n.食谱,处方,秘诀 

revolution    n.革命,旋转,循环 

widespread   a.普遍的,广泛的,分布广的 

application    n.应用,申请 

massive   a.大量的,巨大的 

concentration   n.集中,浓缩,专心 

asset   n.资产,优点 

integration    n.集成,综合 

scale   n.规模,比例,天平v.测量,衡量 

【真题超精解】

①Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life.

[结构分析]本句是一个倒装句型,其正常语序是:The rise of human creativity is powering the great ongoing changes of our time(人类创造力的提高推动着当今社会正在发生巨大的变化)。介词短语of human creativity作后置定语修饰rise,介词短语as the defining feature of economic life(直译为“作为经济生活的明确限定的特征”,意译为“作为经济生活的显著特征”)作后置定语修饰creativity,介词短语of our time作后置定语修饰changes。

[词义推敲]power在这里是动词表示“提供动力,推动”;ongoing表示“正在进行的”;feature表示“特征”,defining feature“明确限定的特征”,意译为“显著特征”。

[参考译文]作为经济生活的显著特征的人类创造力,它的提高推动着我们当今社会正在发生巨大的变化。

②It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the underlying spirit of our age.

 [结构分析]本句是一个强调句型,强调的是主语our commitment to creativity,介词短语in its varied dimensions(在它的不同方面)作后置定语修饰creativity,谓语动词是forms(形成),宾语是the underlying spirit of our age,介词短语of our age作后置定语修饰spirit。

[词义推敲]commitment意为“致力于,追求”;varied“各式各样的,不同的”;dimension表示“方面”;underlying意为“基础的,基本的”。

[参考译文]正是我们在多方面对创造力的追求构成了当今社会的精神基础。

③Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today, and in many senses always has been.

[结构分析]本句的主语是creativity,后面跟了两个并列的谓语成分:is essential和has been,介词短语to the way作状语修饰is essential,way后面跟了一个定语从句we live and work today(我们今天生活和工作的)对其进行修饰,介词短语in many senses和副词always都作状语修饰has been。

[词义推敲]be essential to表示“对……是必要的,至关重要的”;in many senses表示“从各种意义上来说”。

[参考译文]创造力对我们当今的生活和工作的方式至关重要,而且从各种意义上来说,一向如此。

④One might point out, for instance, that during the long period from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to modern times, much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine, but from the widespread application of “cooking in quantity” business methods like massive division of labor,concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale.

[结构分析]本句的主干是One might point out that(他可能会指出),that引导一个宾语从句,for instance(例如)为插入语。that引导的宾语从句的主干是much of the growth came not just from…but from…(大部分的增长不仅来自于……而且来自于……),介词短语during the long period作时间状语,period后跟了一个介词短语from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to modern times(从最初的工业革命到现代社会)作后置定语对其进行修饰。介词短语in productivity and material wealth(在生产力和物质财富方面)作后置定语修饰growth,介词短语in the industrial nations(在工业化国家)作后置定语修饰productivity and material wealth,介词短语like the steam engine(像蒸汽机)作后置定语修饰inventions,介词短语of “cooking in quantity” business methods(“大量烹制”式的企业管理方法的)作后置定语修饰application,介词短语like massive division of labor,concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale(如大规模的劳动分工、资产的集中、纵向整合以及规模经济等)作后置定语修饰methods。

[词义推敲]point out表示“指出”;Industrial Revolution工业革命;steam engine 蒸汽机;division分割,分配,division of labor表示“劳动分工”;integration表示“整合,集中”;scale在此意为“规模”。

[参考译文]比如他可能会指出,从最初的工业革命到现代社会这一漫长的时期内,工业化国家生产力的提高和物质财富的积累,在很大程度上不仅仅是来自诸如蒸汽机之类的发明创造,而且也来自于“大量烹制”式的企业管理方法的广泛应用,如大规模的劳动分工、资产的集中、纵向整合以及规模经济等。 

【全文译文】 

    作为经济生活的显著特征的人类创造力,它的提高推动着我们当今社会正在发生巨大的变化。创造力已经开始受到重视,因为各种新技术、新产业和新财富都源源不断地随之产生。其结果是我们的生活和社会中充满了创造性思想。正是我们在多方面对创造力的追求构成了当今社会的精神基础。  

    创造力对我们当今的生活和工作的方式是至关重要的,而且从各种意义上来说,一向如此。生活水平的显著提高——更不用说市场经济的强大竞争优势——总是源于“更好的烹饪法,而不是更多的烹制品”。也许有人会认为这种说法不一定严谨。比如他可能会指出,从最初的工业革命到现代社会这一漫长的时期内,工业化国家生产力的提高和物质财富的积累,在很大程度上不仅仅是来自诸如蒸汽机之类的发明创造,而且也来自于“大量烹制”式的企业管理方法的广泛应用,如大规模的劳动力分工、资产的集中、纵向整合以及规模经济等。但是其实这些方法本身就是创新。

 

                                                            ——更多精彩内容敬请阅读原书

 

    跨考图书——以效果为导向,出版精品图书,引领行业标准

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