英语基础语法专项·名词性从句

 

1. _______  worries me is _______ we’re going to pay for all this.

A. It, that       B. That, how

C. What, how D. As, that

2. We’ve bought a cottage in the country for ________ we retire.

A. when  B. if

C. since   D. that

3. He just does _______ he pleases and never thinks about anyone else.

A. that    B. what

C. which D. how

4. It shocked me to see ________ my neighbors treated their children.

A. why    B. whether

C. how    D. since

5. It used to be thought ________ the Earth was flat.

A. as       B. when

C. since   D. that

6. He pointed to ________ looked like a tree.

A. that    B. what

C. which D. as

7. His income is double ________ it was five years ago.

A. that    B. which

C. as       D. what

8. I know nothing about the accident except ________ I read in the paper.

A. that    B. for

C. what   D. 不填

9. “I think _______ he needs is more practice.” “Yes, _______ he needs more practice is quite clear.”

A. what, what B. that, that

C. what, that   D. that, what

10. “Will the general manager attend the meeting?” “_______ he will come won’t be known _______  his secretary comes.”

A. That, that   B. That, until

C. Whether, that     D. Whether, until

11. “The problem is _______ we are short of money.” “Yes, _______ we can borrow some money from her is still a question.”

A. that, that    B. that, whether

C. whether, that      D. whether, whether

12. _______ with the right knowledge can give first aid.

A. Who   B. Whoever

C. Anyone      D. Who ever

13. _______ has the right knowledge can give first aid.

A. Who   B. Whoever

C. Anyone      D. Who ever

14. _______ having the right knowledge can give first aid.

A. Who   B. Whoever

C. Anyone      D. Who ever

15. _______ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.

A. He      B. It

C. That    D. What

16. “_______ made her struggle to become an artist so hard?” “_______ she was a woman.”

A. What, What       B. That, That

C. What, That D.  That, What

17. I firmly believe _______ he said at the meeting was right.

A. that    B. which

C. that what    D. what that

18. After _______ seemed like hours he came out of the house with a woman.

A. which B. it

C. what   D. that

【参考答案】

1—5 CABCD  6—10 BDCCD

11—15 BCBCD  16—18 CCC

 

 

英语基础语法专练·状语从句

 

1. The farmer watered the vegetables in the field _____ they might grow better.

A. in case                                         B. for fear that

C. in order                                       D. so that

2. If they don’t understand it the first time, go over it again _____ they do.

A. when                                           B. after

C. since                                            D. until

3. I won’t accept their offer, _____ favorable the conditions.

A. how                                             B. however

C. no matter                                     D. no matter however

4. _____ it happened to be a nice day, we decided to go to the beach.

A. When                                           B. Before

C. If                                                D. Since

5. We were just about ready to leave _____ it started to snow.

A. when                                           B. before

C. after                                            D. since

6. I’ll keep his address _____ I need it.

A. so that                                         B. in order that

C. in case                                         D. when

7. Will you keep my place in the queue for me _____ I go and make a phone call?

A. since                                            B. while

C. in case                                         D. until

8. _____ I’m very much mistaken, that’s my watch you’re wearing!

A. If                                                B. Unless

C. Since                                           D. Because

9. The mother don’t let the boy touch the knife _____ he might cut himself.

A. in order that                                B. so as that

C. for fear                                       D. that

10. The modern history of Italy dates from 1860, _____ the country became united.

A. when                                           B. if

C. since                                            D. until

11. We can’t move into the new flat _____ the other tenants have moved out.

A. since                                            B. when

C. until                                            D. as

12. When I met him last week, it was the first time we had seen each other _____ we were at school.

A. that                                              B. since

C. when                                           D. after

13. She made a note of it _____ she might forget.

A. so that                                         B. in order that

C. if                                                 D. in case

14. The fire went on for quite some time _____ it was brought under control.

A. when                                           B. since

C. after                                            D. before

15. They sat down opposite each other, but it was some moments _____ they spoke.

A. after                                            B. before

C. since                                            D. when

16. _____ the government agrees to give extra money , the theatre will have to close.

A. Until                                            B. Unless

C. Since                                           D. While

17. ______ I suggest, he always disagrees.

A. However                                      B. Whatever

C. Whichever                                    D. Whoever

18. Their country has plenty of oil, _____ ours has none.

A. while                                           B. when

C. unless                                          D. since

19. “______when do the pubs stay open?” “About midnight.”

A. Since                                           B. Before

C. Until                                            D. After

20. ______ I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.

A. Since                                           B. Because

C. If                                                D. While  

21. You should let your children play ______ you can see them.

A. where                                          B. when

C. in which                                      D. that

22. They kept trying _____ they must have known it was hopeless.

A. if                                                 B. because

C. when                                           D. where

23. _____ you are at home alone, please don’t leave the door open.

A. While                                          B. As

C. Before                                         D. How

【参考答案】

1—5 DDBDA  6—10 CBBCA  11—15 CBDDB 

16—20 BBACD 21—23 ACA (from www.yygrammar.com)

 

 

主谓一致小练

 

1. The boys and the girls each ____ to do something different, which ____the teacher uneasy.

A. want, make                                  B. wants, makes 

C. want, makes                                 D. wants, make

2. More than one student _____ read the novels, which _____ written by David.

A. has, was                                      B. have, were

C. has, were                                     D. have, was

3. In fact, ______ one cause that leads to the problem.

A. cattle is                                       B. cattle are

C. cattles are                                    D. the cattles are

4. The ______ so much alike that I can’t tell which is which.

A. twin looks                                   B. twins look

C. twin look                                     D. twins looks

5. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _____ some green trees

A. which is                                      B. it is

C. which are                                    D. them are

6. Every boy and girl _____ the book and they each _____ to buy one.

A. like, want                                    B. likes, wants

C. likes, want                                   D. like, wants

7. Nobody but Betty and Mary _____ late for class yesterday.

A. was                                              B. were

C. has been                                      D. have been

8. The teacher as well as the students _____ the book already. They know it well.

A. has read                                       B. have read

C. are reading                                  D. is reading

9. The city is not very big. One or two days _____ enough to see it.

A. is                                                 B. are

C. am                                               D. be

10. Not the teacher, but the students _____ looking forward ______ the film.

A. is, to see                                     B. are, to see

C. is to seeing                                  D. are, to seeing

【参考答案】

1—5 CCBBC  6—10 CAABD

 

英语倒装句小练

 

1. Only in this way ______ progress in your English.

A. you make                                    B. you be able to make

C. can you make                              D. will you able to make

2. I’m quite willing to help and ______.

A. so are the others                                 B. the others are so

C. so do the others                          D. the others do

3. This is your work. In no case _______ to leave your post.

A. are you                                        B. you are

C. can you                                       D. you can

4. Not until recently ______ any idea what a guided missile was like.

A. could I have                                B. had I

C. I had                                           D. did I have

5. So ______ that even the people in the next room could hear him.

A. loudly he spoke                           B. he spoke loudly 

C. loudly did he speak                     D. loudly spoke did he

6. Only when one loses freedom ______ its value.

A. does one know                            B. one does know 

C. does know one                            D. know one does

7. ______ their support, we’d be in a very difficult position.

A. It were not for                            B. Were it not for 

C. Not for it                                    D. If it were not

8. He never went to see her again, ______ write to apologize.

A. nor did he write                B. nor he did write 

C. he did write                                D. nor he wrote

9. ______ to sleep than the telephone rang once again.

A. No sooner had he gone               B. No sooner did he go

C. He no sooner went                      D. He had gone no sooner

10. He is really beautiful, and _______ when she had children.

A. so was her mother                       B. so is her mother

C. her mother was so                       D. her mother is so

【参考答案】

1—5 CAADC  6—10 ABAAA

反意疑问句小练

 

1. Few people would agree with this, ______?

A. did they                                       B. would they

C. didn’t they                                   D. wouldn’t they

2. Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease, ______?

A. do they                                        B. need they

C. don’t they                                    D. needn’t they

3. The police must have known all about this, ______?

A. must it                                        B. must they

C. haven’t they                                 D. has it

4. I think it’s high time that she made up her mind, ______?

A. don’t I                                        B. isn’t it

C. didn’t she                                    D. hasn’t it

5. If you want help, let me know, ______?

A. can I                                           B. do you

C. will I                                          D. will you

6. It’s cheap. I don’t suppose he cares, ______?

A. is it                                             B. do I

C. does he                                        D. does it

7. “He’s selfish. I don’t like him, ____?” “No, I don’t at all.”

A. do I                                            B. do you

C. don’t I                                        D. does she

8. “I think the teacher is wrong, _____?” “No, I don’t think so.”

A. don’t you                                    B. don’t I

C. doesn’t he                                    D. doesn’t she

9. I dare not go out after dark. Let us go together, ______?

A. will you                                      B. shall we

C. can you                                       D. can we

10. There are times when such things are necessary, ______?

A. are there                                      B. aren’t there

C. are they                                       D. aren’t they

【参考答案】

1—5 BBCBD  6—10 CBABB

 

英语强调句小练

 

1. Who was it ______ put so many large stones on the road?

A. this                                              B. that

C. he                                                  D. she

2. What a silly mistake it is ______ you’ve made!

A. it                                                 B. this

C. that                                              D. which

3. It was not until midnight ______ the noise of the street stopped.

A. that                                              B. this

C. since                                            D. at which

4. Was ______ that I met at the railway station the other day?

A. it you                                          B. not you

C. you                                              D. that you

5. It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.

A. since                                            B. as

C. that                                              D. then

6. It may have been at Christmas ______ John gave Mary a handbag.

A. before                                          B. who

C. that                                              D. when

7. Why was ______ that the old woman was sent to prison?

A. he                                                B. it

C. that                                              D. because

8. It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.

A. which                                          B. since

C. that                                              D. what

9. It was the boy ______ had been in prison ______ stole the money.

A. who, where                                  B. that, how

C. who, that                                     D. that, which

10. It might be I, who ______ caused the accident, who ______ to answer for it.

A. has, is                                         B. have, are

C. has, am                                       D. have, am

11. It was _____ I reached there _____ I began to know something about the matter.

A. until, when                                  B. until, that

C. not until, that                              D. not when, that

12. It was _____ my father worked _____ I work now.

A. where, that                                  B. where, when

C. that, where                                  D. that, that

13. It was not until he came back ______ he knew the police were looking for him.

A. which                                          B. since

C. that                                              D. before

14. It’s more than half a century ______ the People’s Republic of China was liberated.

A. when                                           B. that

C. since                                            D. after

15. It was not ______ you had explained how ______ I managed to do it.

A. for, that                                       B. until, that

C. for, when                                    D. until, when

【参考答案】

1—5 BCAAC  6—10 CBCCD  11—15 CACCB

 

英语虚拟语气考题专练

 

1. Mr Li required the computer equipment referred ________ used in every classroom.

A. should be     B. have to be   

C. to be            D. to being

2. —Yang Liwei has won great honour for our country.

—Who is Yang Liwei?

—What a question! It is surprising ________ the first spaceman in China.

A. you didn’t know our national hero                B. to you not to know him

C. you should know nothing about                     D. you knew nothing about him

3. —What courses are you going to do next term?

—I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something.

A. I’d decide    B. I decided     

C. I decide       D. I’m deciding

4. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ________ to its burning temperature.

A. is heated      B. will be heated                      

C. would be heater                    D. be heated

5. Robert wishes that he ________ business instead of history when he was in university.

A. studies          B. studied         

C. has studied   D. had studied

6. My demand is that the information referred to in my report ________ to Mr. Brown without delay.

A. to be e-mailed                      B. e-mailed      

C. be e-mailed  D. being e-mailed

7. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ________ to the meeting.

A. would come B. came           

C. would have come                  D. had come

8. Without electricity human life ________ quite different today.

A. is                 B. will be        

C. would have been                   D. would be

9. If he had not gone out in the storm, he ________ alive now.

A will be          B. would be     

C. would have been                   D. is

10. If only I ________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.

A. had known   B. would know

C. should know D. knew

11. But for the party, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago.

A. would have died                   B. would die    

C. must have died                     D. must die

12. I would have come earlier, but I ________ that you were waiting for me.

A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know

C. would have known                D. haven’t known

13. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ________ two weeks to prepare for the exam.

A. give             B. should give  

C. be given       D. would be given

14. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he ________ an Englishman.

A. were             B. would be     

C. have been     D. had been

15. We ________ our lives had it not been for the policeman.

A. would have lost                    B. should lose  

C. might lose    D. had lost

16. ________ more careful, his ship would not have sunk.

A. If the captain were               B. Had the captain been

C. Should the captain be           D. If the captain would have been

17. Were it not for the snowy weather, we ________ all right.

A. would be                                    　　B. would have been   

C. were             D. may be　

18. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.

A. wouldn’t have fallen             B. had not fallen

C. should fall    D. were to fall

19. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal

A. had scored    B. scored          

C. would score  D. would have scored

20. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden!

A. has               B. had              

C. will have      D. had had

答案解析◎

1. C. 因为在表示“要求”的require, request, ask, demand等动词后的宾语从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”，句中referred to是过去分词短语，作the computer equipment的定语，所以选C

2. C. 因为在it is surprising后的that从句中，谓语要用“should +动词原形”，其中should含“竟然”之意，不可省略。

3. B. 因为It’s (high /about) time后面的从句的谓语动词通常用过去时态。

4. D. 因为requirement后的表语从句的谓语要用“(should +)动词原形”；material(材料)与heat(加热)是被动关系，用被动语态，所以是be heated。

5. D. 因为wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用过去式，此题的study business是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用had studied business。

6. C. 因为主语是demand时，其后的表语从句的谓语要用“(should +)动词原形”。

7. C. 因为句中otherwise (否则)表示与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have done。

8. D. 因为介词短语without…表示与现在事实相反的情况，所以用would be。

9. B. 由had not gone可知，条件句是与过去事实相反的情况，而now提示我们，主句是与现在事实相反的情况，所以用would be。

10. D. 因为if only (要是…就要了) 其后的句子要用过去式表示虚拟语气，由as you do可知，是与现在事实相反，所以选knew。

11. A. 因为but for (要不是因为、如果没有) 通常要与虚拟语气连用，由fifteen years ago可知，这是与过去事实相反的情况，所以选would have died。

12. A. 因为would come earlier是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，而后面分句表示的是事实：当时我的确不知道…所以用一般过去时，选A。

13. C. 因为that从句是suggestion的同位语，应当用“(should+) 动词原形”表示虚拟语气，又因the students与give是被动关系，所以选be given。

14. A. 因为Wang Ling是中国人的名字，显然不是英国人，所以as if从句的谓语要用与现在事实相反的情况，所以用were。

15. A. 因为had it not been for the policeman = if it had not been for the policeman (如果没有警察) ，显然是与过去事实相反的情况，主句中的谓语应是would have lost。

16. B. 因为由主句谓语可判断，表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语应用过去完成时，Had the captain been = If the captain had been。

17. A. 由于从句谓语为一般过去时，表示的是对现在的虚拟，故主句谓语用过去将来时，表示。Were it not for the snowy weather=If it were not for the snowy weather.

18. B。这是个错综时间虚拟条件句：主句与现在事实相反，条件句与过去事实相反。句意为“如果我不是在七岁时就迷上了Melinda Cox 图书馆，我真不能想象我如今会在做什么”。

19. D。本题考查目标与1996上海同。由otherwise和hesitated可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词用 would+ have+ 过去分词构成。

20. B。wish 后面宾语从句的谓语总是用过去时态。此题是表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时。句意为“我多么希望每个家庭都有座有一个漂亮花园的大房子啊！”

 

语法基础训练·非谓语动词（附解析）

 

1. The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. having written                       B. to be written

C. being written                                D. written

2. —You were brave enough to raise objection at the meeting.

—Well, now I regret _______ that.

A. to do        B. to be doing           C. to have done    D. having done

3. We agreed _______ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

A. having met      B. meeting            C. to meet     D. to have met

4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______.

A. not to              B. not to do         C. not do it   D. do not do

5. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.

A. learn         B. to learn            C. learned      D. learning

6. _______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing             B. Having lost             C. Lost          D. To lost

7. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.

A. to eat not        B. eating not        C. not to eat D. not eating

8. The Olympic Games, _______ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.

A. first playing                                 B. to be first played 

C. first played                                  D. to be first playing

9. I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go          B. to have gone       C. going        D. having gone

10. European football is played in 80 countries, _______ it the most popular sport in the world.

A. making            B. makes                    C. made         D. to make

11. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

A. read                 B. reads               C. to read  D. reading

12. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _______ it more difficult.

A. not make         B. not to make            C. not making          D. do not make

13. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied                            B. to study

C. to be studying                              D. to have been studying

14. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ the next year.

A. carried out       B. carrying out     C. carry out   D. to carry out

15. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.

A. Having suffered                           B. Suffering

C. To suffer                                     D. Suffered

16. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _______ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see              B. to be seen           C. seeing          D. seen

17. The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it.

A. begins              B. having begun  C. beginning  D. begun

18. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _______.

A. it what to do with                       B. what to do it with

C. what to do with it                       D. to do what with it

19. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.

A. smoke              B. smoking           C. to smoke   D. smoked

20. She looks forward every spring to _______ the flower-lined garden.

A. visit                 B. paying a visit   C. walk in     D. walking in

21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _______.

A. to send            B. for sending it   C. to send it to           D. for sending it to

22. —What do you think made Mary so upset?

—_______ her new bike.

A. As she lost        B. Lost                C. Losing              D. Because of losing

23. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _______.

A. 20 dollars remained                     B. 20 dollars to remain

C. remained 20 dollars               D. remaining 20 dollars

24. There are five pairs _______, but I’m at a loss which to choose.

A. to be chosen                                B. to choose from

C. to choose                                     D. for choosing

25. _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

A. Being founded                      B. It was founded

C. Founded                                D. Founding

26. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _______.

A. he’d like to collect coins as well        B. he feels like collecting coins, too

C. to collect coins is also his hobby        D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure

27. Finding her car stolen, _______.

A. a policeman was asked to help    B. the area was searching thoroughly

C. it was looked for everywhere              D. she hurried to a policeman for help

28. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _______ their products more competitive.

A. to make           B. making             C. to have made D. having made

29. Though _______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.

A. lacked              B. lacking of        C. lacking             D. lacked in

30. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _______ road conditions need _______.

A. that; to be improved                    B. which; to be improved

C. where; improving                         D. when; improving

31. The discovery of new evidence led to _______.

A. the thief having caught                B. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught                  D. the thief to be caught

32. _______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.

A. Given              B. To give            C. Giving            D. Having given

33. The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. having hung     B. hanging            C. hangs        D. being hung

34. Sandy could do nothing but _______ to his teacher that he was wrong.

A. admit        B. admitted           C. admitting   D. to admit

35. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.

A. set up               B. setting up          C. have set up      D. having set up

36. _______ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.

A. To sleep          B. Sleeping           C. Sleep        D. Having

37. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A. settled              B. setting                     C. to settle    D. being settled

38. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.

A. waiting            B. to wait                  C. wait          D. to be waiting

39. In order to make our city green, _______.

A. it is necessary to have planted more trees  B. many more trees need to plant

C. our city needs more trees                          D. we must plant more trees

40. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?

—The key _______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.

A. to solving, making                       B. to solving, made

C. to solve, making                          D. to solve, made

41. The teacher asked us _______ so much noise.

A. don’t make             B. not make  C. not making             D. not to make

42. _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.

A. Having given          B. To give     C. Giving             D. Given

43. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

A. put 　　　　　　  B. to be putting 　　C. to put 　     　　D. putting

●答案解析●

1. D。表示“被动、完成”用过去分词作定语。

2. D。regret doing sth 表示对已经发生的事感到“后悔”；regret to say / tell / inform / announce 用以报告令人不快之事，表示对将要说的话感到“遗憾、抱歉”，主语通常是 I / we, regret 用一般现在时。

3. C。agree 只能接不定式，在谓语动之后发生，用一般式，选 C。

4. A。根据句型 tell sb (not) to do sth，排除 C 和 D；当不定式的动词是前面已出现过的相同的动词时，为避免重复，通常省略 to 后的内容，只保留 to, 所以只有 A 对。

5. B。make sb do sth 的被动式为 sb be made to do sth(某人被迫做某事)。

6. C。考查过去分词作状语。Lost in thought=As he was lost in thought。be lost in thought(沉思)是固定搭配；这类习惯表达还有 be caught in the rain(遭雨淋), be dressed in red(穿着红衣), be seated(就座)等。

7. C。本句是 warn sb (not) to do sth 的被动式(from www.yygrammar.com)。

8. C。因 The Olympic games 与 play 是被动关系，排除 A 和 D；不定式的被动式，表示未来的动作，排除 B。表示“被动、完成”，用过去分词。

9. B。would love / like 后面只能接不定式，排除 C 和 D。表示过去未曾实现的愿望，后接不定式完成式，故选 B。

10. A。现在分词作结果状语(from www.yygrammar.com)。

11. D。 句中 read 意为“有某字样”，a message pinned to the door 意为“钉在门上的一张纸条”，a message 与 read 是主动关系，因此用现在分词。

12. B。考查非谓语动词的结构平衡性。not to make it more difficult是与 to make it easier 形成对比的否定结构，两者在句中作表语。

13. A。由 studied 可知，他曾到国外留过学，“留学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作(is said)之前，所以要用完成式。

14. A。此句结构复杂,句中的 that 引导一个定语从句，它代表 the plan 并在从句中作 see 的宾语，the plan 与 carry out 是被动关系，因此，用过去分词作宾补。即卻ee the plan carried out the next year.

15. A。句意为“这条河已经遭受如此严重的污染，现在要想清理也许为时已晚了”。suffer 发生在 clean up 之前，且有 already 暗示，无疑要用现在分词的完成式作状语。

16. B。remain 作“尚需”解，要接不定式作表语，see 与 it(形式主语，指whether they will enjoy it)是动宾关系，因此用不定式的被动式。

17. D。“连词+分词”作状语，依然由句子主语与分词的关系来确定，主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。the research 与 begin 是被动关系，用过去分词 begun。

18. C。do with 与 what 连用是一个很有用的结构，可以表示“处置”、“利用”等。

19. B。find 后可接现在分词或过去分词作补语，但不接不定式。he 与 smoke 是主动关系，用 -ing 形式作补语，故选 B。

20. D。look forward to 中 to 是介词，后接动词要用动名词。若选 B，应在其后加 to 才行。

21. C。不定式作定语，the person 是 send it 的对象，可理解为 to send it to the person。

22. C。用完整的句子应这样回答：Losing her new bike made Mary so upset.

23. D。因为 remain 是不及物动词，其过去分词无被动含义，所以要用 remaining(剩下的) 作定语，修饰 20 dollars(from www.yygrammar.com)。

24. B。句意是“有五双可供选择，我拿不定主意从中选择哪一双”，而不是选择五双。

25. C。Harvard(哈佛大学)与 found(建立)是被动关系，且早在1636年已建立，故用过去分词。

26. D。考查非谓语动词的结构平衡性。因 and 连接两个并列的简单句，前一分句用-ing 形式作主语，后一分句也应用 -ing 形式作主语。

27. D。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子主语。Finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语显然是 she，故选 D。意为：她发现她的车被人偷了，她就赶紧报警求援。

28. A。不定式作目的状语。“使产品更具竞争性”是“正在努力的目的”。

29. C。“连词+分词”作状语。his parents 与 lack money(缺钱)是主动关系，又因为 lack 是及物动词，不用介词，故选C(from www.yygrammar.com)。

30. A。that 引导的从句与 problem 是同位语。need, want, require 等表示“(某物)需要做某事”时，后接动名词的主动式或接不定式的被动式都可以。

31. C。lead to(导致、使)中的 to 是介词，后接动名词；逻辑主语 the thief 与catch 是被动关系，故选 C。

32. A。given 作介词，意为“鉴于、考虑到”，可接名词或 that 从句。

33. B。hang 表示“悬挂”时，可用作及物或不及物动词，此处填 hanging 或 hung 均可，但不能填 being hung，因为它表示动作正在进行，而此处表示的是一种悬挂的状态。

34. A。介词后接动词一般要用动名词，但 but / except 等介词后却可以接不定式，前面有行为动词 do 时不带 to，无 do 时要带 to。

35. B。devote卼o?把…贡献给…；致力于…)中 to 是介词，应接-ing 形式；all 是 devote 的宾语，he had 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 all。注意，千万不要以为 had to 是“不得不”，后接动词原形，而去选 A，那就中了命题人的圈套了。

36. A。不定式作目的状语。句意为：为了下午多睡一会，Bob 关掉了闹钟。

37. C。“新当选的总统日子不好过”是因为“有许多问题要解决”，表示“有…要…”用不定式作定语。

38. A。mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着。句意为：在英国的某些地方搭不上公共汽车意味着要再等一个小时。

39. D。“使城市绿化”是“我们(we)”的目的(from www.yygrammar.com)。

40. B。key to(…的关键)中 to 是介词，应接动名词；又因名词 demand 与 make 是被动关系(make demands 提出要求)，另有 by 这一标志词暗示，用过去分词作定语。      

41. D。ask，tell, want 等后要接带 to 的不定式作宾补，其否定式是在不定式前加 not。即 ask sb (not) to do sth 叫某人(不要)做某事。

42. D。give 与其逻辑主语 he 是动宾关系，用过去分词，故选 D，Given time=If he is given time。

43. D。catch sb. doing sth. 意为碰巧撞见某人正在做某事。