小中见大-----“it”种种用法

请看两道例题：

1. as the kindest woman in our neighborhood, she made_______her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs.(2010兰州高二检测)

a.this    b.that    c.one    d.it

2.no one knows exactly when our ancestors started talking,but new evidence suggests________might have happened a long time ago.(2010大连高二检测)

a.which     b.what    c.it     d.they

第一道题：a此处考查it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是：to look after all the other people’saffairs.此时it常用于make it+名词（a duty、a shame…）+to do sth/从句这一结构当中。

第二道题：c此处考查it作代词，指代上文中的ancestors started talking这件事情。虽然只有两道题，但实乃抛砖引玉，以此让我们来全面认识这个小小的it。“it”在英语中处处都有它的身影。它的用法及其特定的句型和固定搭配，是英语语法的重点，也是各省高考乃至全国高考的热点，因此我们在学习中应给予足够的重视和理解，做到与不变应万变。it的用法也就水到渠成了。现将it的用法归纳如下：

1. it作代词

①.代替前文提到过的东西或事情

eg:this is a new dictionary.i bought it yesterday.

② 代替指示代词this/that的作用

eg：---whose watch is this？----it is mine.

③指代不明性别的人或婴儿

eg：---go and see who it is that ring.

----it’s bill.

eg:the greens have a new baby.it’s lovely.

④指时间、距离、自然现象、量度、价值等

eg：how far is it to the great wall?（指距离）

it’s getting dark.(指时间)

look,it’s going to rain.(指天气)

2．it在句中作形式主语，往往在句中代替不定式，动名词和从句。

eg:it’s no use arguing with him about the matter.(指代动名词)

    和他争论这件事情没有任何用。

  it’s no wonder that she is so angry when she heard the news.（指代that从句）

    难怪她听到这个消息会生气。

  it's vital for us to master a foreign language.（指代不定式）

    对我们来说掌握一门外语很重要。

  it’s reported that the road has been blocked.（指代that从句）

据报道这条道路已被封闭。

但要特别强调的是：

1.it is +adj.(vital/important/strange/natural/necessary..)+that-clause结构中，that-clause的谓语动词用(should) do的虚拟语气.

eg:it’s important that we should pay close attention to the situation.

2.

三．it在句中作形式宾语，指代不定式，动名词和从句。

1.其主要的句型结构为：

  (1)s.+v.（find/think/feel/consider/believe/make…）+it+adj./n.+for sb+to do sth/从句，其中常用的adj有hard,difficult,easy,possible,necessary等等。

eg:1.the fact that she was foreign make it difficult for her to get a job in that country.（2010辽宁，33）(it作形式宾语指代后面的不定式)

  (2).he didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.（2007，天津）(it作形式宾语指代when and where引导的从句)

  (3).i consider it a great honour to be invited to dinner.(it作形式宾语指代不定式)

2.在某些特殊的句型结构中，it指代that/when/if引导的从句，其主要用于以下句型：

(1).take it for granted that…认为……理所当然

   owe it to sb that……  把………..归功于

   see to it that……….   务必（确保）……….

   depend on it that……相信/指望…………

(2).s.+ love/hate/dislike/like/enjoy it when………..

(3.)i would appreciate it if………如果……我会感激的。

   i can’t help it if…………..  如果……我也没办法。

四．it用于某些固定的句型结构中，如：

（1）用于强调句型中：it is/was +被强调部分+that/who/whom……..(当强调部分指人是主格也可以用who，宾格也可以用who/whom)

 （2）it is +the first/second….time+that-clause(从句用have/has done)

      it was+ the first/second….time+that-clause(从句用had done)

     译为“做某事是第一/二……….次”

(3)it was/will be+时间段+before-clause

     译为“过了多久才…………..”

    (4)it is/has been+时间段+since-clause

      译为“自从某事发生以来距离现在又多久了”

在这些固定句型中的“it”都是属于固定的用法，同学们是要牢记并熟练掌握,而且在实际过程中需要仔细辨别，才能避免错误。

请用正确的连词填写下列句子：

分析：根据句型结构，第一个句子是个强调句型，强调的是句子的时间状语，译为“”正是在两年前我开始学英语的，所以填that；第二个句子根据主从句时态不一致而且动词be是is则表示“我学英语有2年了，所以填since”；第三个句子则是表时间段而且主从句时态一致，去掉时间段这个句子是不成立的，排除是强调句型，则为“两年之后我才开始学英语的”，所以填before，最后一个句子则是“我到过北京两次”的句型，所以填that。综上可知对于此类句子既要熟记结构又要仔细分析，才能避免出错。

consider

v.考虑，细想；认为，把…看作；考虑到

1．Consider sth 考虑…We have considered your application carefully, but cannot offer you the job. 我们已经仔细地考虑了你的申请, 认为不能聘请你做这份工作.

Have you considered how to get there?

你是否考虑过如何到达那里?

 consider sb for a job/as a candidate

考虑让某人做某工作[作候选人

Have you considered the possibility of retraining?

We are considering whether to change our advice to tourists.

We're still considering where to move to.

2.consider doing sth 考虑做…

  We are considering going to Canada..

 我们正考虑到加拿大去.

I seriously considered resigning

3.consider that –clause 认为

We consider that you are not to blame.

我们认为不该责怪你.

The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.

4.consider sb/sth (to be) sth/adj 认为…是   认为…如何

 We consider this (to be) very important.

我们认为这非常重要.

 He will be considered a weak leader.

他会被认为是个软弱无能的领导人

Liz Quinn was considered an excellent teacher.

 They consider themselves to be Europeans.

5.consider it +adj to do 或 consider it+a +n to do 认为做…如何

  Do you consider it wise to interfere?

你认为应该干预吗?

I did not consider it necessary to report the incident.

I consider it a great honour to be invited

6.consider sb/sth as +n/adj 把…当作（后可跟名词或形容词）

The painting was  considered previously considered as worthless, but which now turns out to be very valuable

一幅先前认为毫无价值的画, 现在却变成了珍品 

7.consider sb to do    认为某人做…（但常用在被动结构中）

 sb is considered to do   （表一般或将来概念）

sb is consider to have done （表已完成的动作）

He's generally considered to have the finest tenor voice in the country.

 现在公认他是该国最佳的男高音歌手.

He is considered to have failed the exam.