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PURPOSES OF EPISIOTOMY
While still a common obstetrical procedure, the use of episiotomy has decreased remarkably over the past 20 years. Through the 1970s, it was common practice to cut an episiotomy for almost all women having their first delivery. This practice became controversial, and with the concept of evidence-based outcomes, a number of large studies have been carried out to address these controversies. The reasons for its popularity included substitution of a straight, neat surgical incision for the ragged laceration that otherwise might result. It is easier to repair, but the long-held beliefs that postoperative pain is less and healing improved with an episiotomy compared with a tear appeared not to be true ( Larsson and colleagues, 1991).
Another commonly cited but unproven benefit of routine episiotomy was that it prevented pelvic relaxation, that is, cystocele, rectocele, and urinary incontinence. A number of observational studies and randomized trials showed that routine episiotomy is associated with an increased incidence of anal sphincter and rectal tears (Angioli, 2000; Argentine Collaborative Group, 1993; Eason, 2000; Henriksen, 1992; Thorp, 1987; Wilcox, 1989, and all their colleagues).
Carroli and Belizan (2000) reviewed the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials registry. There were six randomized trials of nearly 5000 deliveries in which routine (73 percent rate) versus restrictive (28 percent rate) use of episiotomy was evaluated. There was less posterior perineal trauma, need for repair, and healing complications in the restrictive-use group. Alternatively, there was less anterior perineal trauma in the routine-use group. Along with these findings came the realization that while episiotomy did not protect the perineal body, it contributed to anal sphincter incontinence by increasing the risk of third- and fourth-degree tears. Signorello and associates (2000) reported that fecal and flatus incontinence were increased four- to sixfold in women with an episiotomy compared with a group delivered over an intact perineum. Even compared with spontaneous perineal lacerations, episiotomy tripled the risk of fecal incontinence and doubled it for flatus incontinence. Non-extension of the episiotomy did not lower this risk. Finally, even with recognition and repair of a third-degree extension, 30 to 40 percent of women have long-term anal incontinence ( Gjessing and co-workers, 1998; Poen and colleagues, 1998).
It seems reasonable to conclude that episiotomy should not be performed routinely ( Eason and Feldman, 2000). The procedure should be applied selectively for appropriate indications, some of which include fetal indications such as shoulder dystocia and breech delivery; forceps or vacuum extractor operations; occiput posterior positions; and in instances where it is obvious that failure to perform an episiotomy will result in perineal rupture. The final rule
is that there is no substitute for surgical judgment and common sense.
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PURPOSES OF EPISIOTOMY
Although still a common obstetrical procedure, the use of episiotomy has decreased remarkably over the past 25 years. Weber and Meyn (2002) used the National Hospital Discharge Survey to analyze use of episiotomy between 1979 and 1997 in the United States. Approximately 65 percent of women delivered vaginally in 1979 had an episiotomy compared with 39 percent by 1997. By 2003, the rate had decreased to approximately 18 percent (Martin and colleagues, 2005). Through the 1970s, it was common practice to cut an episiotomy for almost all women having their first delivery. The reasons for its popularity included substitution of a straight surgical incision, which was easier to repair, for the ragged laceration that otherwise might result. The long-held beliefs that postoperative pain is less and healing improved with an episiotomy compared with a tear, however, appeared to be incorrect (Larsson and colleagues, 1991).
Another commonly cited but unproven benefit of routine episiotomy was that it prevented pelvic floor complications—that is, vaginal wall support defects and incontinence. A number of observational studies and randomized trials, however, showed that routine episiotomy is associated with an increased incidence of anal sphincter and rectal tears (Angioli, 2000; Eason, 2000; Nager and Helliwell, 2001; Rodriguez, 2008, and all their colleagues).
Carroli and Mignini (2009) reviewed the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials registry. There were lower rates of posterior perineal trauma, surgical repair, and healing complications in the restricted-use group. Alternatively, the incidence of anterior perineal trauma was lower in the routine-use group.
With these findings came the realization that episiotomy did not protect the perineal body and contributed to anal sphincter incontinence by increasing the risk of third- and fourth-degree tears. Signorello and associates (2000) reported that fecal and flatus incontinence were increased four- to sixfold in women with an episiotomy compared with a group of women delivered with an intact perineum. Even compared with spontaneous lacerations, episiotomy tripled the risk of fecal incontinence and doubled it for flatus incontinence. Episiotomy without extension did not lower this risk. Despite repair of a third-degree extension, 30 to 40 percent of women have long-term anal incontinence (Gjessing and co-workers, 1998; Poen and colleagues, 1998). Finally, Alperin and associates (2008) recently reported that episiotomy performed for the first delivery conferred a fivefold risk for second-degree or worse lacerations with the second delivery.
For all of these reasons, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2006) has concluded that restricted use of episiotomy is preferred to routine use. We are of the view that the procedure should be applied selectively for appropriate indications. These include fetal indications such as shoulder dystocia and breech delivery, forceps or vacuum extractor deliveries, occiput posterior positions, and instances in which failure to perform an episiotomy will result in perineal rupture. The final rule is that there is no substitute for surgical judgment and common sense.
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