❤ What is Attachment? •°∴ ❤．．•°．•°∴  ❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°

      Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. According to Bowlby, attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.


      依恋是指对于另一个人的情感关系。心理学家J·鲍比率先提出依恋理论，并将其描述为“一种人类之间持久的心理关系”。鲍比相信儿童与其早期抚养者之间的依恋会对其一生产生巨大的影响。根据鲍比，依恋也会使婴儿始终紧靠母亲，提高其存活的几率。


      The central theme of attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infant's needs establish a sense of security in their children. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.


      依恋理论的中心主题是能够陪伴婴儿且对婴儿的需求积极反应的母亲可以建立起儿童的安全感。婴儿知道抚养者是可以依赖的，这为其探索世界提供了安全基础。

 ❤ The Components of Attachment•°∴ ❤．．•°．•°∴  ❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°

      In her 1970's research, psychologist Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly upon Bowlby's original work. Her groundbreaking "Strange Situation" study revealed the profound effects of attachment on behavior. In the study, researchers observed children between the ages of 12 and 18 months as they responded to a situation in which they were briefly left alone and then reunited with their mothers (Ainsworth, 1978).

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心理学家M·安斯沃斯于20c70s的研究中，大大扩展了鲍比的原始研究。她运用开创性的“陌生情境法”研究并解释了依恋对于行为深刻的影响。研究中研究人员观察了12到18个月的儿童被独自置于一个完全陌生的环境中以及后来重新与母亲团聚的反应。

Based upon the responses the researchers observed, Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant-insecure attachment. Later, researchers Main and Solomon (1986) added a fourth attachment style called disorganized-insecure attachment based upon their own research. A number of studies since that time have supported Ainsworth's attachment styles and have indicated that attachment styles also have an impact on behaviors later in life.

根据研究人员的观察，安斯沃斯认为依恋有三种主要形式：安全型依恋，回避型不安全依恋和反抗型不安全依恋。后来Main和Solomon根据自己的研究又加入了第四种类型叫做混乱型不安全依恋。从此，一系列研究都支持安斯沃斯的依恋类型理论，并指出依恋类型对于毕生行为都会有影响。

 ❤ Characteristics of Attachment•°∴ ❤．．•°．•°∴  ❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°


Characteristics of Secure Attachment

安全型依恋的特点

Securely attached children exhibit distress when separated from caregivers and are happy when their caregiver returns. Remember, these children feel secure and able to depend on their adult caregivers. When the adult leaves, the child may be upset but he or she feels assured that the parent or caregiver will return.

安全型依恋的儿童与抚养者分离的时候会表现出压力，当抚养者回来的时候会表现出高兴。记住，这些儿童觉得安全，并且依赖他们的成人抚养者，如果承认离开，儿童会不安，但是始终相信父母或抚养者会回来。

When frightened, securely attached children will seek comfort from caregivers. These children know their parent or caregiver will provide comfort and reassurance, so they are comfortable seeking them out in times of need.

当受到惊吓时，安全型依恋儿童会从其抚养者身上寻找安慰。这些儿童知道他们的父母或抚养者会安慰他们并保护他们，所以他们可以在需要地时候寻求满足。    


Characteristics of Ambivalent Attachment

反抗型不安全依恋的特点

Ambivalently attached children usually become very distressed when a parent leaves. This attachment style is considered relatively uncommon, affecting an estimated 7-15% of U.S. children. Research suggests that ambivalent attachment is a result of poor maternal availability. These children cannot depend on their mother (or caregiver) to be there when the child is in need.

反抗型不安全依恋的儿童通常在其父母离开时表现得非常苦恼。这种类型比较少见，大约只有7%到15%（米国儿童）。研究表明反抗型不安全依恋是的原因是缺少母爱支持，这些儿童在需要母亲的时候，却不能依赖母亲（或其他抚养者）。

Characteristics of Avoidant Attachment

回避型不安全依恋的特点

Children with an avoidant attachment tend to avoid parents or caregivers. When offered a choice, these children will show no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger. Research has suggested that this attachment style might be a result of abusive or neglectful caregivers. Children who are punished for relying on a caregiver will learn to avoid seeking help in the future.

回避型不安全依恋的儿童倾向于躲避其父母或抚养者。面对抚养者和一个完全陌生的人，这类儿童不会有明显的选择偏好。研究表明这类儿童可能是因为抚养者的虐待或者忽视。如果儿童因为依赖抚养者而受到惩罚，以后可能会逃避求助。

 ❤ Problems with Attachment•°∴ ❤．．•°．•°∴  ❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°


What happens to children who do not form secure attachments? Research suggests that failure to form secure attachments early in life can have a negative impact on behavior in later childhood and throughout the life. Children diagnosed with oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently display attachment problems, possibly due to early abuse, neglect or trauma. Clinicians suggest that children adopted after the age of six months have a higher risk of attachment problems.

那些无法建立安全型依恋的儿童会怎么样呢？研究表明，无法建立安全型依恋会对其行为产生毕生的消极影响。儿童可能会被诊断出对立违抗性障碍、行为失常、甚至创伤后应激障碍（我的天啊）等依恋问题，通常原因都是早期的虐待、忽视和创伤。临床医生认为，六个月以后的领养儿童出现依恋问题的危险更高。


While attachment styles displayed in adulthood are not necessarily the same as those seen in infancy, research indicates that early attachments can have a serious impact on later relationships. For example, those who are securely attached in childhood tend to have good self-esteem, strong romantic relationships. As adults, they tend to have healthy, happy and lasting relationships.

而依恋类型对于成人的影响与对婴儿期不大一样，研究表明早期依恋会对成人后来的关系产生严重的影响。比如说，安全型依恋的儿童往往会有较强的自尊并能建立浪漫的关系。成年后他们则会有健康、快乐、持久的关系。


 ❤ 内容补充•°∴ ❤．．•°．•°∴  ❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°